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between the charge compensating cations of the zeolite and the quadrupole moment of the adsorbing gas (N2 or O2). The quadrupole moment of N2 is approximately four times that of O2. Because the extra-framework cations so significantly influence the adsorption properties of the zeolites, numerous attempts have been made to optimize these properties by (1) increasing the number of cation sites (the cation exchange capacity, CEC) by creating zeolites with high aluminum content, and (2) by synthesizing zeolites containing various combinations of alkaline and alkaline earth cations. Kuhl reported a procedure for the synthesis of low silica X-type zeolite (LSX). This material is an aluminum saturated X-type zeolite with a silica-to-alumina ratio of 2.0 (or Si/Al = 1.0).5 Commercial X-zeolite, which is typically available as the Na+ form (known commercially as 13X), is not aluminum saturated and contains 86 aluminum atoms per unit cell, while the low silica X zeolite contains 96 aluminum atoms per unit cell. While it has long been known that Li+ is among the strongest cations, with respect to its interaction with N2,6 its use was greatly increased with two recent advances. Firstly, it was found that Li+ ion-exchange in X-type zeolite must exceed an approximate 70% threshold before the Li+ has any effect on the adsorptive properties of the material.7- 10 Secondly, a significant increase in the N2 adsorption capacity was seen in Li+ ion exchanged low silica X-type zeolites over that of the typical commercial material (Si/Al = 1.25). Because of these advances, Li-X (Si/Al = 1.0) is now the best sorbent in industrial use for separation of air by adsorption processes.2,11 Coe et al. reported the use of a binary exchanged X-zeolite having lithium and calcium and/or lithium and strontium ions in a ratio of 5% to 50% calcium and/or 49PDF Image | PSA USING SUPERIOR ADSORBENTS
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