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Introduction The separation of air for the production of nitrogen and oxygen is an important operation in the chemical processing industry. Historically, this separation has been done by cryogenic distillation. As adsorption systems have become more efficient and new, more effective sorbents have been synthesized, separation by adsorption processes (e.g., pressure swing adsorption (PSA), and vacuum swing adsorption (VSA)) have become increasingly competitive and are already favorable for small-to-medium scale operations (Yang, 1997). Currently, approximately 20% of air separations are accomplished using adsorption technologies (Rege and Yang, 1997). While it has long been known that Li+ is among the strongest cations, with respect to its interaction with N2 (McKee, 1964), its use was greatly increased with two recent advances. Firstly, it was found that Li+ ion-exchange in X-type zeolite must exceed an approximate 70% threshold before the Li+ has any effect on the adsorptive properties of the material (Chao, 1989; Chao et al., 1992; Coe et al., 1992; Coe, 1995). Secondly, a significant increase in the N2 adsorption capacity was seen in Li+ ion-exchanged low silica X (LSX) zeolite over that of the typical commercial material (Si/Al 1.25). Because of these advances, Li-LSX is now the best sorbent in industrial use for separation of air by adsorption processes (Rege and Yang, 1997). Examples of mixed-cation zeolites have also been given. Coe et al. (1992) reported the use of a binary exchanged X-zeolite having lithium and calcium and/or lithium and strontium ions in a ratio of 5% to 50% calcium and/or strontium and 50% to 95% lithium. This material provided for enhanced nitrogen adsorption over those of the Na-X, Li-X, and Ca-X zeolites. Chao et al. (1992)showed the use of mixed ion- 86PDF Image | PSA USING SUPERIOR ADSORBENTS
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