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charge compensating cations of the zeolite and the quadrupole moment of the adsorbing gas (N2 or O2). The quadrupole moment of N2 is approximately four times that of O2. Kuhl reported a procedure for the synthesis of low silica X-type zeolite (LSX). This material is an aluminum saturated X-type zeolite with a silica-to-alumina ratio of 2.0 (or Si/Al = 1.0).5 Commercial X-zeolite (which is typically available as the Na+ form and known as 13X) is not aluminum saturated and contains 86 aluminum atoms per unit cell, while the low silica X zeolite contains 96 aluminum atoms per unit cell. While it has long been known that Li+ is among the strongest cations, with respect to its interaction with N26, its use was greatly increased with two recent advances. Firstly, it was found that Li+ ion-exchange in X-type zeolite must exceed an approximate 70% occupancy threshold before the Li+ has any effect on the adsorptive properties of the material.7-9 Secondly, a significant increase in the N2 adsorption capacity was seen in Li+ ion exchanged low silica X-type zeolites over that of the typical commercial material (Si/Al = 1.25). Because of these advances, Li-X (Si/Al = 1.0) is now the best sorbent in industrial use for separation of air by adsorption processes.2,10 Zeolites are also used extensively in drying operations as they have a strong affinity for water; and some molecules are tenaciously held. Zeolites have an extraordinary capacity to sorb water; in fact, a 4.5 kg can of dry Li-LSX, when exposed to moist air at room temperature, can adsorb as much as 2 liters of water. The adsorption of nonpolar gases is greatly affected by the presence of water or other polar molecules in the zeolite. Because of this, any water present in the air or in the zeolite prior to adsorption results in a decline in the capacity of the sorbent and thus a decline in the productivity of the PSA unit. Prior to separation, then, the zeolite must be dehydrated (or activated) and the air 130PDF Image | PSA USING SUPERIOR ADSORBENTS
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