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Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research give a total flow of 2.40 SL min−1 and a N2/CO2 composition of 70:30. The dry gas feed was composed of N2/CO2 at a ratio of 70:30 at a flow rate of 2.40 ± 0.05 SL min−1. To add water to N2(g), a Nafion water saturator was built (Figure 4). The saturator was composed of Nafion tubes, pubs.acs.org/IECR Article inlet temperature of T = 5 ± 2 °C. The fire rods and the water cooling were both controlled through LabVIEW. Four Honeywell HEL-700 100 Ω platinum resistance thermometers were inserted into the block after cells 1, 3, 5, and 7. These were then interfaced using a Pico Technology PT-104 USB data logger and the data was recorded via LabVIEW. Each sample cell was made from an aluminum fitting (Swagelok, aluminum alloy 6061-T6) that was drilled to fit a 0.5 μm pore diameter frit at the bottom (Figure 5). In the end of the tubing Figure 4. Schematic of the Nafion water saturator. through which flowed the N2 gas, placed inside a stainless-steel tube that was filled with water. An eluent delivery bottle is used to fill the steel tube with purified double distilled water. To ensure there was no pressure gradient across the Nafion, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) eluent delivery bottle was pressurized by the gas feeding into the water saturator. At the end of the steel tube, a valve was installed to allow for the controlled drainage of water from the tube during the set up of the experiments. The Nafion water saturator was preferred over a bubble column due to the Nafion polymer preventing liquid water from entering the gas stream. Additionally, the Nafion saturator only achieved a water saturation of approximately 90%, thus preventing liquid water from condensing in the gas feed. The gas feed from the water saturator was at T = 21.3 °C and ptotal = 3.20 bar. A Texas Instruments LM35CA Precision Centigrade temperature sensor and a Specter Corporation (model 9000, 0−150 psig) pressure transducer were connected to the outlet of the water saturator to monitor the temperature and pressure of the gas. The temperature sensor and pressure transducer were connected via an Arduino Uno project board. The temperature and pressure data were recorded through National Instruments Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (Lab- VIEW). An AirTAC 4V110-06 five-port, two-way valve was used to switch between the wet and dry gas feeds to the sample cells (Figure 3). To balance pressures upon switching gas feeds, an Equilibar LF Series Precision backpressure regulator was installed to restrict the bypassing fluid according to the inlet backpressure from the adsorbent cells. After the gas passes through the switching two-way valve, it was split into eight sample cells. Each cell was connected to a needle valve to balance the gas flows coming out of each cell to 300 Scm3 min−1. The flow rates for each cell were measured using an Agilent Technologies ADM 2000 universal flow meter. All eight sample cells were inserted into an aluminum alloy block (aluminum alloy 7075). The aluminum alloy block also had two Watlow FIRERODs (J6A53-L2) and a water coolant channel embedded inside of it. The water used for the cooling of the apparatus was from a domestic water supply with an Figure 5. Schematic of the adsorption cells detailing the insertion of the cells into the aluminum block. entering the cell, a 10 μm pore diameter frit was inserted. The outlet of each sample cell was connected to a Honeywell HIH- 4010 relative humidity sensor. The data from these humidity sensors were converted to a digital signal using an Arduino Uno project board and recorded through LabVIEW. 2.3. Decoupled Safety Circuit. To ensure the safe continuous operation of the apparatus presented in this work, a decoupled safety circuit was designed to trip using three unique scenarios. The safety circuit controlled a relay for the power supply of the breakthrough apparatus, whereas all safety measurement and safety circuit power were isolated from the instrument control. This allowed the system to operate without experimenter supervision for 24 h per day. The first trip scenario is the uncontrolled startup of the apparatus after a power outage. When a power outage occurs, the safety circuit disconnects the power to the apparatus, thus preventing an uncontrolled startup of the apparatus. The second trip scenario is the overheating of the aluminum blocks. One of the four thermometers that were embedded in the aluminum block is connected to the safety circuit. The circuit is then set up so that when a voltage threshold corresponding to approximately T = 400 °C is achieved on the aluminum block, the safety circuit will remove the power to the apparatus. The third trip scenario is the flooding of the area around the apparatus due to a leak in the water cooling of the aluminum block. Multiple Ideal Security SK616 water flood sensors are placed around the apparatus and interfaced to an Ideal Security SK662 command center. The safety circuit is connected to the https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00469 7489 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2021, 60, 7487−7494PDF Image | Rapid Cycling Thermal Swing Adsorption Apparatus
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