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1.1 Adsorbents Adsorbents represent a very important class of materials, and can be used in a wide variety of applications. An adsorbent is typically a solid porous material that allows molecules of a gas or liquid mixture to adhere to its surface, and this process is called adsorption [1]. In separation processes via adsorption, the role of the adsorbent is to provide a large surface area for the adsorption of certain molecules. The strength with which these molecules are bonded to the surface is determined by the nature of the interaction between the molecule and the surface of the adsorbent. 1.1.1 Principles and terminology in adsorption processes Adsorption is a process where atoms or molecules accumulate on the surface of a material. This process creates a layer of the adsorbate (the molecules or atoms being accumulated) on the adsorbent’s (solid material) surface. For a binary mixture consisting of species A and B, an adsorbent may selectively adsorb one of the two molecular species in the mixture, as shown schematically in Figure 1.1. Adsorption is an exothermic process and, depending on the strength of the interaction occurring between the adsorbed phase and the surface of the adsorbent, it is distinguished between physisorption (involving relatively weak forces) and chemisorption (involving the formation of a chemical bond between the adsorbate and the surface of the adsorbent) [1]. Adsorption is an equilibrium process, and the driving force is the difference in chemical potential between the adsorbed phase and the ambient gas phase [1]. Hence, for a given adsorbate concentration (partial pressure) and temperature, an equilibrium concentration exists on the adsorbent’s surface. The curve describing the adsorption equilibria is called isotherm, and describes how the amount adsorbed on a specific mass of adsorbent varies with the pressure of the adsorbate at a constant temperature. Brunauer has divided the isotherms into six classes, as shown in Figure 1.2 [2]. Isotherms of type I are typical 1 Chapter 1 IntroductionPDF Image | Structured Zeolite Adsorbents for PSA Applications
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