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are not often connected due to high energy distribution losses resulting in high distribution costs, and as a result not more than 2% of European single family homes are connected [15]. The vast majority, 98%, of the worlds electricity is generated using steam turbines which have efficiencies of around 40% meaning that 60% of the heat energy is wasted [4]. Furthermore, many industries generate heat as a by product which is also wasted. This unused potential in heat energy provides a strong argument for the implementation of district heating systems. By cooling the condenser of the power plant against the district heating network, i.e. simultaneously generating useful heat and electricity, the otherwise wasted heat may be salvaged, increasing the total energy efficiency of the process vastly. The simultaneous generation of electric and useful thermal energy, named cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) generation, is often used when the primary requirement is heat. 1.4.2 The Electricity Market of Sweden The Swedish electricity network can be divided into three main areas: (1) transmission network (2) regional networks and (3) local network. The transmission network is used to transmit electric energy over large distances and is thus operated at a high voltage level to reduce the required current and the subsequent transmission losses. The regional network is in turn used to transmit power from the transmission networks to the local networks, into which end-use consumers, such as households, are connected. In total, the power cabling of the entire Swedish electricity network comprises about 570 000 km in length which is roughly 360 times the length of Sweden, and about two thirds of the total cabling length is buried underground [16]. Svenska kraftn ̈at is a state-owned public utility company owning and operating the transmission network (stamn ̈atet) and is responsible for maintaining the power balance and operational reliability in the Swedish power grid. The frequency of the Swedish electricity grid is to be maintained close to 50 Hz. Whenever there is a mismatch between the power fed into the grid by the generators and the power consumed by the loads, the frequency of the grid either increases or decreases. However, it is quite challenging to constantly maintain the grid frequency in a safe operating the range of 49.9-50.1 Hz, independent on the fluctuations of the power demand and supply. In order to do so, the power generation is rapidly increased at times when the frequency starts to increase, and by decreasing the power generation at times when the frequency starts to decrease. The regional and local networks are maintained by local and regional utility companies which are responsible for ensuring that their networks are maintained enough such that the reliability of the supply can be guaranteed [16]. The Swedish electricity network, as a whole, is a regulated monopoly and its the Energy Market Inspectorate (Ei) that is tasked with assessing the utilities revenues and making sure that the price 5PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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