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2.1.6 State functions Thermodynamic state functions, or functions of state, describe system properties as a function of one, or several, state variables which only depend on the current state of the system and not on the path by which the system came to be [36]. A non-exhaustive list of common state functions used in engineering thermodynamics are: energy, internal energy, exergy, enthalpy, entropy, pressure, temperature and volume. The function of state are solely dependent on certain state variables; state variables which in turn also may themselves be state functions dependent on a certain set of state variables. For properties of interest, we have that H =f(p,T,S) S =f(p,T,H) T =f(p,H,S) p =f(T,H,S) however knowing only two state variables is enough to determine the state function. In some cases, when interested in the saturation pressure or saturation temperature of a fluid, the state function can be determined by knowledge of the temperature, or the pressure, solely. 2.2 Thermodynamic Power Cycles A thermodynamic cycle consists of a sequence of thermodynamic processes involving heat and work transfer through the system boundary, while state variables such as pressure and temperature are varied. They are most often used to transform heat energy to useful work, and are thus heat engines by definition. Thermodynamic cycles may also be reversed such that they transfers heat energy from the cold source to the hot source, and are thereby named heat pumps. The cycles may be closed or open. A closed system may exchange energy with its environment but not matter, and an open system may exchange both energy and matter. Thermal power plants utilize closed power cycles; there is no mass transfer crossing the system boundary from or into the environment, if everything is working as it should. A list of technical terms relation to thermodynamic processes is detailed in table 2.1. 2.2.1 Carnot Cycle Sadi Carnot proposed an ideal theoretical power cycle in 1824 which was later named after him [37]. The cycle is reversible and extracts heat from a hot reservoir, produces some maximum amount of 18PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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