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(TH − TC )∆S. The thermal efficiency thus depends solely on the temperature difference between the two reservoirs. QH =TH∆S QC =TC∆S η = W = QH − QC = 1 − TC QH QH TH The Carnot cycle is useful when analyzing the potential of a power cycle because it provides an upper limit of achievable thermodynamic efficiency, and is therefore often used as a benchmark. Actual power cycles efficiencies are often quoted as a percentage of the Carnot efficiency, denoted as Fraction of Carnot (FoC) [4]. 2.2.2 Rankine Cycle Thermal power plants, which are used to generate the vast majority of the worlds electricity, are based on the Rankine cycle, which is an idealized heat engine for conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy. Water/steam is predominantly used as the working fluid. However real power plants are non-ideal and undergo thermodynamic processes with losses. The losses, or irreversiblities arise due to real world conditions and imperfect machinery. They include friction, mixing of two fluids, heat transfer through a finite temperature difference, electric resistance, inelastic deformation of solids and chemical reactions [33]. When modeling an actual power plant, the efficiency of its components, primarily the expander and pump, needs to be discounted by their isentropic efficiencies to account for the losses in the components. The Rankine cycle consists of four processes which are [33]: (1) →− (2) Isentropic pressurization of liquid water in a pump. The pressure of the water is increased by a pump, named the boiler feed water pump because it feeds the water into the boiler. In the ideal case the pump work is found as the pressure-volume work, which is equal to the enthalpy increase of the fluid [33] W ̇ P = m ̇ wf · v1 · (P2 − P1) (2.15) W ̇ P = m ̇ wf · (h2 − h1) (2.16) 21PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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