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Desirable characteristics of working fluids Several considerations must be made when selecting an approriate working fluid, some more evident than others. Ideally, a working fluid should be [4]: 1. Commercially available and inexpensive. A cheap working fluid is increasingly important for larger plants. Fortunately the global HVAC industry places much of the same requirements on its working fluids and produces them in large quantities and cheap. 2. Nonflammable. Flammable hydrocarbon, e.g. ethanol, are sometimes used which in turn brings additional precautionaries and costs. 3. Nontoxic and compatible with materials. Ideally the fluid is non-toxic in reasonable quantities and works with the materials of the system (e.g. the lubrication, piping etc.). 4. Environmentally harmless. The harmfulness of organic working fluids are quantified by two measures, (1) Ozone depletion potential (ODP) and (2) Global warming potential (GWP), and is ideally low in both measures. 5. Isentropic or dry. Because the occurrence of liquid drop formation during the expansion phase is undesirable, and since substantial superheating in order to avoid this is inappropriate for low temperature heat sources, a fluid with a vertical or positive saturation curve slope is desirable. 6. Sufficiently high thermal stability limit. A thermal stability limit above the temperature of the heat source is desirable to avoid thermal degradation of the fluid. 7. Acceptable pressure. Different fluids have different saturation pressures at different temperat- ures. Ideally we want the pressure over the turbine to be high, i.e a high boiler pressure and a low condensation pressure. A too high condensation pressure not only reduces the efficiency of the cycle but also results in a more costly design of the condenser. 8. High specific enthalpy of vaporization and density. By using a fluid with a high specific enthalpy of vaporization and density the same amount of fluid absorbs more heat in the vaporization process, thus less of the fluid needs to be circulated throughout the system to transport the same amount of heat. The result is a system with a reduced flow rate and reduced pump-to-turbine back work ratio. However no working fluid lives up to all of these requirements, so there is always a compromise [4]. 29PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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