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2.3.2 Expanders The expander is the most important component in terms of determining the performance of an ORC system [4]. Many different types of expanders exist, such as axial-flow turbines, radial-inflow turbines, radial-outflow turbines and positive displacement (”volumetric”) expanders [4]. Since both axial inflow and radial inflow turbines are well known and comparatively easier to visualize, a twin-screw positive displacement expander is illustrated in figure 2.7. However, the axial inflow Figure 2.7: Twin screw expander [40]. turbine is by far the most common turbine in general, with over 90% of the worlds electricity being generated with axial-flow turbines [4], and often used for ORC applications as well. Due to the characteristics of the working fluid, efficient two-stage or even single-stage turbine designs are made possible, allowing for a more compact turbine. The performance of expanders, in general, primarily depends on the design of the expander, the actual size of the expander and the extent to which it is operating at off-design conditions [4]. At partial thermal loading, the working fluid mass flow evaporated is reduced which in turn reduces the mass flow through the expander. The result is that the enthalpy drop over the expander is reduced. A literature review shows that expander isentropic efficiencies of 65% [41], 75% [42], 80% [43], 86% [44] and 87% [45] are used when modeling and simulating ORC systems. A study using finite element analysis to determine the efficiency of an actual turbine used for ORC application found a turbine efficiency in the range of 80-85% [46]. Furthermore, the partial load performance of a biomass CHP ORC system has been studied by Erhart et al.[47]. They found that the turbine efficiency decreases with the mass flow rate, and that the thermal efficiency decreases exponentially with the reduction of thermal input, shown in 30PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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