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170°C, year round; roughly 10°C below the saturation temperature for safety reasons. The resulting evaporation temperature of the ORC working fluid depends on T2 and the TTD. Condensation temperature T1 = 170°C T2 = 145°C Tevap,max = T2 − T T Devap (3.3) (3.4) (3.5) The condensation temperature depends on the DHS mass flow temperature exiting the condensing HX, T4 and the T T D. However, T4 in turn depends on the mass flow rate m ̇ orc and the heat rejection by the condensing HX and resulting heat addition to the mass flow m ̇ orc. Tcond = T4 + T T Dcond (3.6) On the choice of working fluid Different isentropic and dry working fluids are evaluated and compared. The most suitable working fluid will be used in the default model, i.e the fluid which most closely resembles the working fluid(s) of the ORC manufacturers of interest to S ̈avelundsverket. Component efficiencies From discussions with manufacturers of ORC systems, and from the conducted literature review on the matter, realistic design-point expander and pump isentropic efficiencies are in the range of 70-85%, depending on type of expander and the build-quality. The expander and pump efficiencies are both set to 80% during nominal working conditions. The electric efficiency of the generator is modeled as being 95% and constant. This is a reasonable assumption it should be slightly more than 95% during nominal operation and be slightly less than 95% during off-design operation. The terminal temperature difference of the evaporator and condenser is set to be 10°C, and fix, not- varying with the LMTD. Although lower values of 6°C are observed in literature, [50][51], a higher value is used as a precautionary measure due to the scarcity of sources in literature modeling actual, commercial, systems. Partial load performance The performance off the system during off-design conditions is accounted for by multiplying the nominal thermal efficiency with a correction factor, ψ. From [47] and [48], ψ = ηth/ηth,nominal, is estimated and shown in figure 4.12. ψ is further estimated by a third degree least-squares estimate, 43PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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