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The fluid R1233ZD(E) is used by Againity for this type of application, whereas SRM uses R1234ZE(Z). They are both similar in terms of chemical composition and achieve comparable thermal efficien- cies. Since the measures of efficiency are derived from simulating the cycle using fixed expander isentropic efficiencies, it may be slightly misleading due to the fact that the characteristics of the fluids also influence the design of the expander and its maximum achievable isentropic efficiency. Againity uses an axial-flow turbine whereas SRM uses a volumetric twin-screw expander; and the choice of expander type undoubtedly affects the cost and efficiency of the system. The reason why water is unsuitable for this type of application has to do with the requirements it places on the expander. Designing a compact expander (few stages) utilizing water is currently not possible, and may not be possible at all. If it were, the thermal efficiency in this application would be 10.3%, and with an acceptable expander outlet vapor quality of 93%. Going forwards, the fluid R1233ZD(E) which is used by Againity will be used when simulating the integrated ORC system, due to its higher thermal efficiency. 4.3.2 Thermal efficiency and condensation temperature The condensation temperature affects the condensation pressure and thus the turbine outlet pres- sure. The condenser pressure if often said to affect the ”back pressure” experienced by the expander, however this terminology is a bit misleading since pressure is a scalar quantity and therefore not directed in any direction. Lowering the temperature of the cooling flow will reduce the condensation pressure and increase the pressure drop over the expander, yielding higher thermal efficiencies. The thermal efficiency as a function of condensation temperatures in the range of 20-120°C is shown in figure 4.11. The thermal efficiency at a condensation temperature of 20°C, which is 16.6%, is roughly twice the efficiency at 80°C. However since the DHS return temperature is about 40°C, and the ORC is connected after FGC-FPC, the condenser inlet temperature will always be more than 40°C. The resulting condensation temperature will therefore always be more than at least 50°C, accounting for the 10°C TTD of the condensing HX. Therefore the maximum attainable thermal efficiency is limited to no more than 12%, for this type of fluid, heat source temperature and HX TTD. 63PDF Image | Analysis of Organic Rankine Cycles for a Boiler Station
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