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Aerospace 2020, 7, 123 12 of 15 behind the heater [40], owing to large amounts of runback water, is smaller than that formed in the real situation. Therefore, it implies that there is scope to improve the icing model for large amounts of runback water created by the heater. Figure 10. Static pressure distribution and icing shapes around the NACA 0012. The white and dark gray regions on the airfoil surface indicate the location of the formed ice and heater, respectively: (a) Clean airfoil without icing; (b) Case 1; (c) Case 4; and, (d) Case 10. 91.4 98.2 [kPa] 10%c (a) Clean airfoil (b) Case 1 (c) Case 4 (d) Case 10 1.0 0.0 −1.0 −2.0 0 1.0 0.0 −1.0 −2.0 1.0 0.0 −1.0 −2.0 (a) Clean Airfoil Case 1 0.2 x/c0.4 0.6 0 0.2 x/c0.4 0.6 0 0.2 x/c0.4 0.6 (b) Clean Airfoil Case 4 (c) Clean Airfoil Case 10 Figure 11. Distribution of pressure coefficient compared with that of clean airfoil without icing: (a) Case 1; (b) Case 4; (c) Case 10. 4. Conclusions In this study, we simulated the occurrence of icing with a heater on a NACA 0012 airfoil. A modified extended Messinger model was developed in order to consider surface heating and runback water temperature. A combination of Euler–Lagrange approaches was adopted in the icing simulation. The flow field around the airfoil was calculated using the Eulerian approach, while the droplet trajectory was obtained using the Lagrange approach. The heater behavior was validated by considering experimental results, and reasonable agreement was obtained. For NACA 0012, an icing simulation with a heater was conducted under the rime ice condition. The heater was installed around Pressure Coefficient [-]PDF Image | Anti-Icing Electric Heaters for Icing on the NACA 0012 Airfoil
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