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Allis and Moore The reservoir volume needed to sustain a 100 MWe geothermal power plant is large, and critically depends on the heat sweep ef- ficiency. Grant and Garg (2012) and Garg and Combs (2010) have pointed out that naturally fractured reservoirs appear to have heat recovery factors of 5 – 15%, and for some EGS projects the heat recovery decreases to a few percent. Tester et al. (2006) suggest that 5 km3 of reservoir is needed to sustain a 100 MWe binary plant for 20 years. This assumes 20% heat sweep efficiency. If the heat sweep efficiency is between 10 and 20%, and the power plant has an economic life of 30 years, the reservoir volume is between 7 and 25 km3. If most of the heat is being swept from a 500 m thick stratigraphic sequence and the heat sweep efficiency is about 15%, then the area of the reservoir is about 30 km2. This is similar to the stratigraphic reservoir modeling of Deo et al. (2014), which suggests a conservative, sustainable, 3 MWe/km2 power generation rate for large-scale binary power developments. Most geothermal production wells around the world are between 1 and 3 km depth. Drilling for a stratigraphic reservoir at 3 to 4 km depth is presently considered overly risky and eco- nomically unviable. The two major uncertainties hindering deeper exploration and development are 1: doubt that production wells will have the required permeability and flow rate at these depths; and 2: concern that the well field will be capable of producing eco- nomically attractive power (< 10 c/kWh) using today’s development costs. The first uncertainty is the subject of this paper, and the second is the subject of a companion paper (Mines et al., 2014). tive of depth based on existing pump technology. So far, we have identified at least 8 locations in the eastern Great Basin where the temperature-depth characteristics of wells indicate possible strati- graphic resource potential (labeled on Figure 1). A more general depiction of the different types of geothermal system, typical petroleum systems, and target stratigraphic reser- voirs is shown in Figure 2a. Two important thermal constraints are highlighted: the gap between pumped reservoirs less than 200°C, and self-discharging wells common in high-temperature systems with temperatures above about 220°C (Sanyal et al., 2007); and the brittle-ductile transition that becomes important above about 330°C and causes a loss in permeability. The target stratigraphic geothermal reservoirs have many geological characteristics of petroleum reservoirs, but they are hotter, and they are deeper than typical moderate temperature hydrothermal systems. The temperature range overlaps with that of “high pressure – high temperature” (HPHT) gas reservoirs that are an active area of research with some petroleum teams (Pinto et al., 2013; Terrell, 2012). Another version of the relationship with petroleum systems in temperature-pressure space in shown in Figure 2b using Sch- lumberger’s definition of HPHT systems. Stratigraphic geothermal reservoirs have pressures similar to conventional oil and gas, but the temperature range extends into the field of high temperature 0 Target Depth of Stratigraphic 1000 Reservoirs A compilation of thermal regimes in the 2000 U.S. in Figure 1 depicts the two regions, defined as high- and moderate-temperature hydrothermal systems, and situated between 1 and 3 km depth. It also shows the thermal 3000 regime in selected low- to moderate-heat- flow basins frequently drilled for oil and gas. Between the petroleum exploration basins Temperature ( oC) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 Br Stw SoS RR W. L.A. Basin, CA Ma Moderate Temperature StS Hydrothermal High-Temperature Hydrothermal Tu CF BM DP Imperial V. Roosevelt Coso E. Railroad V., NV Blackburn, NV Th Petroleum Reservoirs DV Bw SE Idaho Pavant Bu�e, UT The Geysers N. Steptoe, NV N. Great Salt Lake, UT Mary's River, NV Milford, UT Economic Target for Stra�graphic Reservoirs and traditional hydrothermal systems is the regime of stratigraphic geothermal systems. The low temperature limit for the target zone of stratigraphic reservoirs in Figure 1 is defined by the most optimistic economic models yielding a levelized cost of electric- ity of 10 c/kW/h discussed by Mines et al. (2014). This ranges from 150°C at about 2 km depth to 200°C at about 4 km depth. The limit of 2 km and 150°C requires excellent permeability and a relatively slow rate of reservoir temperature decline during 30 years of production. While not impossible, a more realistic range of target reservoir properties is 3 – 4 km and 175 - 200°C, which is what Mines et al. (2014) use for their economic scenarios. There is an upper temperature limit of about 200°C irrespec- 4000 5000 30 130 230 330 Temperature (oF) 430 530 630 Figure 1. Compilation of U.S. thermal data from hydrothermal reservoirs (yellow and light yellow zones), selected major basins containing petroleum reservoirs (light blue zone), and the economic target for stratigraphic reservoirs in high heat-flow basins confirmed by Mines et al., (2014; purple zone). A geotherm for 90 mW/m2 is superimposed assuming thermal conductivities representative of less con- solidated sediments overlying consolidated carbonate and siliciclastic formations. For simplicity, one temperature-depth point (+ symbols) is shown for basins identified so far by Moore and Allis, (2013) as having a thermal regime that satisfies the target stratigraphic reservoir zone. The Southern Rockies Basins that graze the lower edge of the target zone include the eastern Piceance (Wilson et al., 2003) and west- ern Denver-Julesberg (Anderson, 2013; Crowell and Gosnold, 2013) basins where they abut against the higher heat of the Rocky Mountains physiographic province. Abreviations for the moderate temperature hydrothermal systems (all are in the Great Basin) are: Stw, Stillwater, NV; Ma, Mammoth, CA; StS, Steam- boat Springs, NV; SoS, Soda Springs, NV; Tu, Tuscarora, NV, BM, Blue Mountain, NV; DP, Desert Peak, NV; CF, Cove Fort, UT; Th, Thermo, UT; Tu, Tuscarora, NV; DV, Dixie Valley, NV; Bw, Beowawe, NV; Br, Bradys, NV; RR, Raft River, ID. Other abbreviations are: L.A., Los Angeles Basin; GOM, Gulf of Mexico onshore (Louisiana) and offshore (TX). 1010 Depth (m) Depth (feet)PDF Image | Can Deep Stratigraphic Reservoirs Sustain 100 MW Power Plants
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