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Carbon Dioxide Decomposition by Plasma Methods and Application of High Energy and High Density Plasmas 6.3 Dense plasma focus device Bottom up as well as a hybrid approach for the nanofabrication can be achieved by plasma methods in the laboratory. Recently, it has been established that plasma aided nanofabrication 24-26) is among the best methods of forming nanostructures. It has been established 24-25) that ions generated by high density, high temperature and extremely non-equilibrium plasma of Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) 27) can be used for nanofabrication of materials without dc biasing, heating of substrate or annealing. Though it was believed earlier 26) that the ions produced in high temperature, high density and strongly non-equilibrium plasma such as prevailing under fusion conditions are not useful for material processing and nanofabrication. DPF device is well known to produce a high density (1026 m-3) and high temperature (1-2 KeV) pulsed plasma for a duration of ~ 100 ns. The DPF device makes use of highly energetic, high fluence ions of the gas as well as of the material of which top of the anode is made. DPF device is also a cost effective, reduces the energy consumption with less treatment time over the other methods. Earlier DPF was used for phase change of materials28-32) and fabrication of thin films 33-35). Recently, the ions generated in DPF device are used for fabrication of nanoparticles 24-25, 36-42). 6.3.1 Experimental procedure A arrangement of the experimental system along with the electrode system and plasma chamber is shown in Fig. 16. A 3.3 KJ Mather type DPF device, powered by 30 μF, 15 KV fast discharging energy storage capacitor is used Fig. 16 (a) The plasma chamber from outside, (b) the electrode assembly of the DPF device, (c) electrode assembly with substrate holder, (d) electrode assembly with substrate holder and shutter. for obtaining nanomaterials. The vacuum chamber (Fig. 16(a)) consists of a single anode rod at the centre surrounded by six cathode rods in a squirrel- cage like structure (Fig. 16(b)). In this series of experiments, the anode of the electrode assembly has been modified with a detachable arrangement on the top to host the cylindrical disc of the material to be deposited. Discs of material to be fabricated having diameters equal to the inner diameter of the anode were made. The discs were then inserted at the top of the modified anode. The substrates were cleaned and mounted on a substrate holder (Fig. 16(c)). A shutter is placed above the anode and slightly below the substrates (Fig. 16(d)) which protects the substrates from the impact of unfocused energetic ions at the beginning of the experiment. The focus chamber is evacuated by a rotary pump before admitting the argon gas. The DPF device is operated at an optimum pressure of 80 Pa to ensure good focusing. A 30 μF capacitor is charged to about 15KV by a high voltage charger and is discharged through the electrode assembly with the help of fast switching system and triggering circuit. The gas breakdown occurs between anode and cathode near the insulating sleeve. Image charges on the insulator sleeve initiate the discharge between the anode and the cathode forming weak current filaments leading to current densities having an axially downward component. The current in the anode creates an azimuthal magnetic field. The current filament then moves outwards due to radially outward Lorentz force arising due to axially downward component of current density and azimuthal magnetic field resulting in an inverse pinch phase. The current filament reaches the cathode due to this Lorentz force. As soon as the current sheath reaches the cathode the current filament has a dominant radial component of current density. The radial component of current density and azimuthal magnetic field gives rise to axially upward component of Lorentz force which is responsible for axial phase of current sheath. This takes the current sheath towards the top of the electrode assembly. At the top of the anode, axially upward component of current density becomes dominant and this along with the azimuthal magnetic field gives rise to a Lorentz force whose direction is radially inward causing the pinching of the plasma. The current sheath is accelerated towards the axis of the anode and the plasma collapses to form a thin column of hot, dense plasma at the top of the anode. This is the focused phase having an electron density of the order of 1026 m-3 and temperature 1-2 KeV. After getting good focus, which is evident as a spike in the voltage probe signal in the digital storage oscilloscope (Tektronix TDS 784), the disc placed at the top of the anode is brought into an ionized state by high density, high temperature plasma producing material ions. These ions along with the gas ions move vertically upward in a fountain shape in the post focus phase. These ions then condense on the substrates placed above the top of the anode. 18PDF Image | Carbon Dioxide Decomposition by Plasma Methods
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