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6.3.5 Nanoparticles a) Zinc oxide nanoparticles Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is fabricated using pellets of ZnO. The substrates used are silicon which is placed at a distance of 5.0 cm from the top of the anode and two focused DPF shots are used. The XRD spectra were obtained for showing the structural properties. Figure 22 shows the XRD of material deposited. It shows a peak at 34.6° which correspond to [102] plane of ZnO. In order to understand the surface morphology AFM image of ZnO nanoparticles is given in Fig. 23. The typical line analysis of AFM image of aluminium nanoparticles gives a roughness average (Ra), maximum height of the profile above the mean line (Rp), mean of maximum height above mean line (Rpm), maximum peak-to-valley height (Rt) and mean of peak-to-valley height (Rtm) to be 5.53 nm, 14.46 nm, 5.62 nm, 27.34 nm and 14.48 nm respectively. In order to understand the optical properties Photoluminescence (PL) was done for excitation wavelength of 334 nm and 355 nm. The PL results of excitation wavelengths of 334 nm are presented in Fig. 24 as most of the emission peaks are observed at this wavelength for an excitation wavelength of 334 nm. As can be seen in Fig. 24, shows UV emission with the characteristic energies of 3.41 eV (363 nm) and 3.26 eV (380 nm), blue visible emission with the energy peaks of 2.91 eV (427 nm), 2.71 eV (456 nm) and 2.55 eV (485 nm), as well as high-intensity green emission with the energy peak at approximately 2.38 eV (521 nm). The peak at 3.41 eV can be assigned to the excitated Fig. 23 AFM image of ZnO nanoparticles. Fig. 24 PL spectra of ZnO nanoparticles. transition bound to neutral donor (D0X) sites and the peak at 3.26 eV is assigned to near-band-edge (NBE). The emission peak at 2.55 eV (485 nm) can be assigned to the transition between an oxygen vacancy and peak at 2.91 eV and is due to an oxygen interstitial. It should be noted that emission peaks at 2.91 and 2.55 eV are not common to bulk zinc oxide. In zinc oxide, the energy level corresponding to anion vacancies lies approximately 2.7 eV (D1) below the conduction band whereas the energy level of the excited state of oxygen vacancies lies at ~2.4 eV (D2). Therefore in the present study, the emission peaks observed at 2.38 eV (D2) and 2.71 eV (D1) can be associated with these two defect-related emission peaks. b) Aluminium nanoparticles In a similar manner Aluminium nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. Aluminium (Al) rod (99.999%) is used to form an Al disc. This disc is then fitted in the detachable anode. Aluminium is deposited on Si substrates placed at a distance of 4.0 cm for two focused DPF shots. The XRD pattern of Al deposited on n- Si substrate with few focused DPF shots shows a diffraction peak at 2 = 44.8 which corresponds to the (200) plane of aluminium. The atomic force microscope (AFM) image of aluminium nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 25. The typical line analysis of AFM image of aluminium nanoparticles gives Ra, Rp, Rpm, Rt and Rtm values of 7.52 nm, 22.70 nm, 10.56 nm, 42.45 nm and 23.17 nm respectively. Particles have diameter in the range of 40-80 nm. Fig. 25 AFM image of Aluminium nanoparticles. Fig. 26 XRD of Germanium nanoparticles. Transactions of JWRI, Vol.39 (2010), No. 1 21PDF Image | Carbon Dioxide Decomposition by Plasma Methods
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