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Fig. 32 MFM image of iron nanoparticles. The topography image from MFM of Iron nanoparticles is shown in Fig. 32. The arrowhead in Fig. 12 shows a magnetic domain of typical dimension 40 nm. The image shows dark areas along with bright structures of approximately 100 nm which are randomly distributed all over the image. 6.3.6 Carbon nanoloops In this study we have also heated the substrate and we found the formation of nanoloops. For this we have deposited a thin layer of nickel on quartz substrate for providing suitable nucleation of graphitic carbon nanostructures. The polished quartz substrates were mounted on the surface of a stainless steel resistive heater at a distance of 5cm from the top of the anode. Fig. 33 AFM images at substrate temperatures of (a) 90 C and (b) 94 C. Thermocouple is placed between lower surface of the substrate and the resistive heater. The substrate holder is fitted with a heater whose temperature was varied using a variac. The temperature of substrates is measured using a Cu-Constantan thermocouple. A layer of nickel was deposited on the quartz substrate by three focused shots. Subsequently, the nickel anode is replaced by a carbon anode and then five focused shots of graphitic carbon is deposited on the substrate. The experiment was carried out at substrate temperatures of 30 oC, 50 oC, 70 oC, 90 oC and 94 oC. We observe from AFM studies that there are no visible formations of nanoloops of carbon up to 70 oC. The samples deposited at 90 oC shown in Fig. 33(a) have the appearance of tubular structures having width in the range of 25 nm to 47 nm. At 94 oC we see the formation of carbon nanoloops as shown in Fig. 33(b). 6.3.7 Bilayer of cobalt-carbon For observing the nucleation of nanostructures of graphitic carbon, a layer of magnetic material is deposited on the substrate. Fig. 34 AFM images of nanostructures of graphitic carbon with (a) one, (b) two and (c) three DPF shots from graphite disc. Transactions of JWRI, Vol.39 (2010), No. 1 23PDF Image | Carbon Dioxide Decomposition by Plasma Methods
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