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Subsidies in OECD countries that support the fossil fuel energy industry are slowly being reduced and the focus is shifting to environmental sustainability and economic concerns [48]. 2.2.2 Technological Efforts Scientific research to reduce CO2 emissions is aimed at capturing carbon directly at the source, called flue scrubbing. Flue scrubbing involves isolating CO2 from other flue gases after combustion via a liquid solvent. Typically, the chemical absorption of CO2 is done using an amine-based solvent, which results in 75% - 95% of CO2 captured using this technology [5,19,94]. The process involves using an absorber where the CO2 is removed, and a regenerator where the CO2 is released and the solvent regenerates. This method has the potential to allow continued use of fossil fuels while significantly decreasing emissions. However, flue scrubbing requires a large amount of heat to regenerate the solvent and it needs low flue gas concentrations of SO2 and NO2 because they reduce the ability of the solvent to absorb CO2. This process becomes very costly such that electricity generated at a coal plant with flue scrubbing can cost at least 50% more than electricity generated from a plant without it [19]. Complementary efforts to manage CO2 emissions with carbon capture processes involve CO2 conversion technology and carbon sequestration research. The former uses a photocatalyst for the conversion of CO2 into hydrocarbons with the help of solar energy and water. The process has the potential of forming a useful carbon cycle, but requires an efficient photocatalyst that utilizes a maximum amount of solar energy. For this to be an effective solution the conversion rate must greatly increase and the technology must be made to scale the needs of industrial power plants [86,105]. The other option, carbon sequestration, involves storing CO2 in geological and oceanic reservoirs. A diagram describing the carbon capture and sequestration process is shown in Figure 2.13. Conventional methods propose to inject 24PDF Image | CO2 Conversion in a Microwave Plasma Catalyst System
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