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3.1 Overview of Plasmas 3.1.1 Introduction to Plasma Plasma is the fourth state of matter and is simply defined as ionized gas. Thus, any gas can potentially become a plasma once energy is applied to create a significant density of electrons and ions. The average charge summed over the negatively charged species (electrons and negative ions) and positive ions are considered to be balanced in the bulk of the plasma, giving plasmas the characteristic of quasi-neutrality. Therefore despite the existence of charged particles, plasmas as a whole are considered neutral. Plasmas can occur naturally in the environment along with man-made plasmas generated in the laboratory. Some examples of plasmas in nature include solar flares, the earth’s ionosphere, the aurora borealis, and lightning. Laboratory plasmas can be generated in a diverse range of conditions from very low vacuum pressures (10−9 torr) up to atmospheric pressure and above, with heavy particle (ions and neutral species) temperatures ranging from room temperature up to thousands of degrees Celsius. These properties make plasmas attractive for chemical and other industrial applications because they can generate temperatures that greatly exceed those of traditional chemical processes. Plasmas can create a significant concentration of excited and chemically active species. This can increase the intensity and efficiency of chemical reactions, which would be unachievable in conventional chemistry [37]. One of the fundamental parameters that characterizes a plasma is the temperature of plasma species. Each species in a plasma (i.e. electrons, ions, and neutrals) is usually defined by its own temperature associated with its distribution function. Typically energy is transferred to electrons via acceleration by an applied electric field, which in turn is transferred to heavy particles through collisional processes [37]. The electron temperature can be much higher than heavy particle temperatures, with an equilibrium temperature determined by collisions and radiative processes. Electron 29PDF Image | CO2 Conversion in a Microwave Plasma Catalyst System
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