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and heavy particle temperatures may never equilibrate if the collision frequency is too low. Plasmas in which the electron temperature (Te) approaches the heavy particle translational temperature (T0) are defined as thermal plasmas, with gas temperatures greater than 3,000 K. In the opposite case where Te >> T0, the plasma is called a non-thermal plasma. For many non-thermal plasmas, the temperature relation is as follows: Te > Tv > Tr ≈ Ti ≈ T0 [37]. The electron temperature remains the highest followed by the vibrational temperature (Tv), both being higher than the rotational temperature (Tr) which is considered close in value to the ion temperature (Ti) and neutral heavy particle temperature. In these types of discharges, Te is generally close to unity measured in units of electron volts or eV (equivalent to 11,600 K) with the gas temperature, T0, close to room temperature. Another characteristic of plasma is particle density. As mentioned previously, there must be a significant number density of charged species for a plasma to exist; however the plasma does not need to be fully ionized. In a completely ionized plasma, the ratio of charged species density to neutral species density approaches one. This characteristic is called the ionization degree and is denoted by ne,i/n0 where ne,i is the electron and ion number density and n0 is the neutral gas density [37]. These types of plasmas are present in nuclear fusion and stellar plasmas. Plasma discharges conventionally used to study plasma-chemical systems are considered weakly ionized. Here the ionization degree is around 10−7 − 10−4, meaning the neutral particle number density is several orders of magnitude higher than the charged particle number density [37]. While there may be variations in ionization degree in different plasmas, most plas- mas tend to be quasi-neutral. This phenomenon occurs due to some basic electrostatic principles. Any charge separation that occurs between electrons and positive ions will generate an internal electric field, essentially accelerating the electrons in the direction of the ions and reducing any charge separation that may exist. Therefore 30PDF Image | CO2 Conversion in a Microwave Plasma Catalyst System
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