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away from the wall. The axial component of the electric field dominates over the radial component once the wave penetrates the plasma region. The m = 1 mode can also be launched to sustain the plasma, provided that the product of the wave frequency, f and the tube radius, a exceed a critical value: fa > 2 GHz-cm [65]. Below this value, only the m = 0 mode will propagate. Figure 3.6: Electric field intensity of the m = 0 surface wave as a function of radial position. |Ez| and |Er| are the axial and radial components, respectively, for a wave propagating along a cylindrical plasma column [10]. In surface wave discharges, a surface wave launcher creates an electromagnetic wave that travels along the interface of the plasma column and the enclosing dielectric barrier, delivering energy to the plasma zone from the power flux carried by the wave. In principle, the plasma column length has no limitation, but in practice the power handling capability of the waveguides or wave launcher will impose such limits. This feature contrasts many traditional microwave frequency discharges which are limited in plasma volume. To initially break down gas at atmospheric pressure using this surface-wave launcher, either the electric field created by the launcher must be large enough to cause spontaneous breakdown or an external ignition source must be used, such as a Tesla coil. Once the electron density, ne, becomes greater than the critical value, ncrit, a surface wave is excited and propagates along the plasma column until 49PDF Image | CO2 Conversion in a Microwave Plasma Catalyst System
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