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excitation, and ωa is the frequency of the asymmetric vibrational mode. This threshold value is usually about ne/n0 ≥ 3 × 10−7. In summary, a plasma source that is able to maintain vibrational-translational non-equilibrium has the potential to obtain energy efficiencies as high as 80-90% [37]. 3.3 Plasma/Catalyst Systems The following section will describe the use of catalyst material combined with plasma to enhance plasma-chemical reactions. First an introduction to catalysis will be given, citing the function of a catalyst in chemical reactions. Then a description of various plasma/catalyst systems will be given and their uses for general waste gas treatment. Finally, the specific uses of plasma/catalyst systems for CO2 dissociation will be discussed. 3.3.1 Overview of Catalysis Catalysts are substances that speed up reaction rates and improve chemical selectivity, allowing chemical processes to take place at temperature and pressure conditions under which they would otherwise not be able to proceed. Heterogeneous catalysis, the type that is of importance for this work, is a process by which the catalyst is instantaneously changed when reactants and products adsorb on the surface of the catalyst [85]. First the reactants adsorb on the surface, becoming activated by interaction with the catalyst, which causes a rapid and selective transformation of the reactants into adsorbed products. Then the products desorb from the surface, leaving the catalyst in its original state until the process begins again [85]. The selectivity, which is the ratio of rates for competing reactions, may also be manipulated via catalyst by preferentially increasing the rate of the rate-determining step of a desired stoichiometric reaction. Thus, catalysts can help achieve a specific outcome of products. A catalyst is able to increase the reaction rate of a process by lowering the activation 58PDF Image | CO2 Conversion in a Microwave Plasma Catalyst System
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