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One of the main mechanisms for increasing the number of available catalytic sites is to add a support surface for the catalyst species. The goal is to maximize the catalyst surface area, which can be done by using high-surface-area porous oxide materials as carriers, such as TiO2, Al2O3, and SiO2. These porous surfaces provide an ideal medium for preparing well-dispersed, tiny and discrete crystallite catalyst particles. The high catalyst surface area is also maintained on a support by preventing migration at high temperatures [85]. There are two kinds of adsorption that can occur on a catalytic site: physisorption and chemisorption. Adsorption occurs when a chemical bond is formed between the adsorbing species and the adsorbing surface. This bond is favored when the adsorbent surface atoms have a propensity to decrease their surface energy. Physisorption is relatively weak, relying on attractive Van der Waals forces between adsorbate and adsorbent. This occurs as the condensation of gas molecules on a surface at low temperatures, with a typical Van der Waals layer separating the two species. In contrast, chemisorption occurs at high temperatures on the order of 1000 K and the adsorbate and adsorbent actually form chemical bonds at the surface. An illustration of both adsorption processes is shown in Figure 3.14. Chemisorption is the process of concern for this dissertation, as the reactions are at high temperatures and dissociation of reactive molecules can proceed when the energy gained from surface bonding exceeds the binding energy [85]. Figure 3.14: Illustration of surface adsorption [85]. Heterogeneous catalyst materials are composed of three main components: the active phase, a promoter, and a carrier or support. The active phases are usually 60PDF Image | CO2 Conversion in a Microwave Plasma Catalyst System
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