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transition metals and/or their oxides and sulfides, which are dispersed in the form of microcrystallites of diameter 1-50 nm on to the porous support structure. Transition metals are used because of their multiplicity of low energy surface electronic states which can easily transfer electrons [85]. Some examples of active phase catalysts are Pt, Pd, Rh, Ni, Co, and Ru. The promoter is used to increase activity and stability. Specifically, textural promoters are used to help prepare and maintain a well-dispersed active phase. These can simultaneously be used as a support, and are of the form of inert high surface area oxides. Chemical promoters are added to the catalyst material to enhance activity or selectivity of the active phase [85]. These promoters usually consist of alkali and alkaline earth metals or metal oxides. Carriers, as previously noted, are used to evenly disperse and stabilize the active phase, and consist of high-surface-area metal oxides and carbons [85]. 3.3.2 Types of Plasma/Catalyst Systems When catalysts are combined with plasmas, they are usually incorporated into a non-thermal plasma (NTP) in one of two ways: with the catalyst placed inside the discharge zone (in-plasma catalysis (IPC)) or after the discharge zone (post-plasma catalysis (PPC)). Some studies have shown that the catalyst can be more effective at increasing gas conversion efficiencies when placed inside the discharge [12,13]. These two configurations are illustrated in Figure 3.15. In either case, the plasma can be used to supply energy for catalyst activation and it can also provide the reactive gas species needed for reactions on the catalyst surface. For IPC systems, the catalyst is in contact with the discharge and, therefore, is also in contact with the short-lived excited species, radicals, photons, and electrons. In the PPC system, the catalyst is only exposed to the long-lived species that exit the discharge [109]. The catalyst material is typically introduced in the form of pellets, honeycomb monoliths, foam, or coating of the electrodes or reactor walls [13]. 61PDF Image | CO2 Conversion in a Microwave Plasma Catalyst System
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