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a different species, as when A reacts with species B on the surface to form AB. In this way, the effects of surface processes can be estimated in lieu of adding the official surface module to the simulation. The results presented in Figure 6.31 display efficiency results for a set of simulations which included surface reactions with carbon atoms, labeled as the ‘Surface Reactions’ curve. The results are compared to the experimental results as well as the results for the model excluding any surface reactions. Carbon atoms were chosen as the primary in surface reactions because the OES spectra indicate that carbon is being produced in the plasma, but it does not consistently stick to the walls and remain in carbon form. Thus, carbon is necessarily sticking to the walls, reacting with other species in the discharge, and returning to the plasma in another form. Specifically in the simulation, surface reactions are included for neutral carbon atoms and excited oxygen atoms and molecules. The simulation assumes that 100% of carbon will react with the surface, with 50% returning to the plasma as carbon and 50% returning as CO. Similarly for excited molecular and atomic oxygen, only 5% will interact with the surface and of that 5%, half of the oxygen atoms will return as CO and half will return as ground state oxygen. The excited levels of atomic oxygen contain enough energy to overcome the activation energy required for carbon oxidation (Ea < 2 eV [38,77]), and thus were appropriately chosen to interact with carbon on the surface to produce CO. The energy level diagrams for excited atomic and molecular oxygen can be seen in Appendix D. The addition of these contrived surface reactions, though not a complete model, does demonstrate an improvement in overall efficiency in Figure 6.31. The ‘Surface Reactions’ curve comes in close agreement to experimental results for Ev ≈ 20 − 30 eV/mol for both the energy efficiency and conversion efficiency curves. However the model is still unable to accurately predict CO production at low values of specific energy. 144PDF Image | CO2 Conversion in a Microwave Plasma Catalyst System
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