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produced from electricity consumption alone. The low pressure microwave system reported to achieve η = 90% [37] discussed in Section 5.1 can offer a realistic comparison. Assuming the same electrical energy losses to convert AC to MW power, the total energy efficiency becomes about 40%. This would result in about $2,650 annually per household to eliminate all CO2 emissions from electricity use. Putting this cost in the most commonly used measure of CO2 emissions, it becomes $400 per metric ton of CO2 dissociated. In the year 2009, the U.S contributed a total of 5.5 billion metric tons of CO2 emissions [31]. The cost required to reduce all of the CO2 to CO in a plasma system with ηtotal = 40% is $2 trillion. This would only treat emissions from one country for one year. The real operating cost would actually be a bit higher because this estimate does not include the electrical cost of the vacuum pump required to maintain low pressure during operation. Even in an ideal system with total energy efficiency of 100%, the cost reduces to $1,100 annually per household. This becomes around $180 per metric ton of CO2 dissociated, or $970 billion to treat all CO2 emission in the 2009 from the U.S. A cost comparison to other relevant emissions reduction technology will be useful for understanding how plasma dissociation might fit into an overall economic plan. CCS technology has been heavily researched and is already being implemented in some power plants. The cost estimates for CCS depend on a range of variables including the type of capture technology used, whether the technology is retrofit on existing plants or implemented on new construction, and if the technology is in the demonstration stage or past the early commercial stage. It also depends on how close the power plant is to the sequestration site. The total cost for capture, transport, and storage in a new-construction coal-fired initial demonstration power plant will cost $86 - $133 per metric ton of CO2 sequestered [81]. Once the technology is past early commercial development, total cost is estimated to drop about 50% to $44 - $65 per metric ton. Retrofitting existing power plants increases costs by over 200% [81]. In any case, the 148PDF Image | CO2 Conversion in a Microwave Plasma Catalyst System
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