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Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering fires 7 3 Theory 3.1 Carbon dioxide and static electricity The ability of carbon dioxide fire to generate static electricity has been known for almost a century. Electrification effects associated with sliding contact between solid CO2 and metal surfaces were reported as early as 1925. German experiments in the 1950s confirmed that static charging does not occur during the release of purely gaseous CO2, that charging associated with the flow of liquid CO2 is negligible and that strong charging occurs only when solid CO2 particles are present. Butterworth and Dowling [3] provide a good overview of this early work. 3.2 Portable CO2 extinguishers A portable CO2 extinguisher comprises a CO2 storage cylinder, a control valve, a delivery tube and a directional horn. The storage cylinder contains liquid CO2 under its saturated vapour pressure, which at 20°C is 5.6 MPa (56 bar). When released, the carbon dioxide undergoes a change of phase from liquid to a mixture of gas and solid. To avoid the risk of electrocution when employed against fires involving electrical equipment, the directional horn must be fabricated from an electrically insulating material. Most of the charge generation is believed to occur within this horn. If the extinguisher and operator are well insulated from ground, for example by an insulating floor or by footwear, the electrostatic potential can rise to 20-30 kV within a few seconds. For some extinguisher designs, potentials up to 50 kV can be attained [3]. If the operator contacts a grounded conductor, he is likely to experience an electrostatic shock. Though the shock in itself is not hazardous, it can be severe enough to deter continuing fire-fighting action and possible ensuing injury is a concern. The shock could lead to a loss of balance or cause the appliance to be dropped, with potentially serious consequences if the operator were in a precarious position such as atop a ladder. Pellet silo fire explosion-17 submit pre-print (Orbit).docx .PDF Image | CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires
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