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Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering fires 8 3.3 Past explosions caused by the discharge of portable CO2 extinguishers Electrostatic discharges from the release of carbon dioxide have sufficient energy to ignite flammable fuel/air mixtures and have been responsible for numerous serious accidents. In New York Harbour in 1966, an attempt to inert damaged tanks of the marine tanker vessel Alva Cape with a carbon dioxide extinguisher, caused naphtha vapours to explode, killing four men and injuring seven [4]. In another case, two firefighters were fatally injured in an explosion, which occurred while they used a portable CO2 extinguisher to inert a tanker truck [5]. 3.4 The Bitburg disaster Ignition can take place even if carbon dioxide is released into steel pipework that runs underground for considerable length. A disastrous explosion took place in a JP-4 aviation fuel underground tank at a US Air Force fuel depot near Bitburg, Germany, in 1954, killing 37 people [6]. Various acceptance tests were being made on the newly constructed underground tank and its novel carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system, the first of its kind in Germany. Present were French and German officials, technicians and contractors. The roof of the underground tank was capped with iron reinforced concrete and covered with a layer of soil. Most if not all of the victims were standing on the top of the tank during a controlled activation of the thermal sensing devices that would trigger CO2 cylinders to discharge gas into the tank's headspace. The CO2 cylinders were located in a half-buried concrete supply house located about 75 m from the tank and connected to the tank by a 4-inch steel pipeline which branched into two 3" pipelines that followed the circumference of the tank and terminated in four equally distanced discharge outlets . The CO2 pipeline was buried in the ground for its entire length and the discharge outlets were installed flush with the interior tank wall surface and welded to the main steel tank. Although presumably effectively grounded, this piping arrangement conveyed electrostatically charged carbon dioxide. One minute after the CO2 discharge commenced, a massive explosion disintegrated the tank. The blast blew victims through the air with such force that their bodies were found between the tank and the supply house. The official investigation [6] did not identify carbon dioxide as the source of ignition; its ability to generate static electricity was only realized later [7]. 3.5 Summary Back in 1977, Leonard and Clark [5] succinctly summarized the knowledge available at the time, concluding that CO2 fire extinguishers are perfectly satisfactory when used for their intended purpose, i.e., extinguishing a fire, but they should never be used to inert atmospheres containing flammable fuel/air mixtures. Pellet silo fire explosion-17 submit pre-print (Orbit).docx .PDF Image | CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires
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