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Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering fires 10 wires that run from the roof to the floor monitor the temperature inside the pellet pile. To enhance natural ventilation of the headspace, there was a 3 cm air gap between the silo shell and roof. The total area of the airgap was about 2 m2. The roof was made of thin metal sheets joined to the supporting frame with metal bolts and plastic nuts. The total weight of the roof construction was about 27 t. Because plastic nuts were used, the roof construction was believed to be weak and able to serve as overpressure relief in case of an internal explosion [8]. 4.3 Smouldering fire Shortly after midnight on July 5, 2010, at 0043 hours, the fire and rescue services were called to the facility. Sensors in the pellet pile showed rising temperatures. The silo was slightly less than 50 percent full, containing an estimated 3,500 m3 of wood pellets. The on-scene-commander arrived at 0130 hours. He soon decided to request a shipment of nitrogen from Yara, a large producer of industrial gasses located in Porsgrunn some 320 km away. At 0141 hours, the pile temperature had increased to 60°C and an alarm came in from the silo's fixed CO detector. At 0242 hours, infrared imagery was able to detect an increased temperature of the silo's outer shell, the pile temperature stayed at about 60 °C. Smoke was now visible above the roof area. Fire fighters received notice that a Yara nitrogen tanker truck was expected to arrive at noon. CO2 bottles from nearby power stations were mobilized and arrived at 0635 hours. Only 22 bottles were available, about 220 m3 of CO2 gas, just 5 percent of the headspace volume. A revised estimate pushed the arrival of the nitrogen tanker truck to mid-afternoon, at the earliest. Although the effect of CO2 injection was expected to be limited because of the modest quantities available, a CO2 attack was decided, in the hope that it at least might attenuate the fire until nitrogen supplies arrived. CO2 would be injected manually from a fixed platform located next to a roof inspection hatch. A crane hoisted a basket with the bottles onto the platform and two firefighters with breathing apparatus climbed the silo's exterior ladder to manually discharge the CO2 through the inspection hatch. 4.4 Explosion At 0845 hours, when discharging the fifth CO2 cylinder, the silo exploded. The force of the explosion lifted the 27 t roof upwards and flames of burning gasses shot out of the hatch opening and horizontally from the circumferential edge of the roof. Although the roof is believed to have lifted about 0.5 - 1 m, it re- seated without collapsing. There was no structural damage to the platform and the firefighters were able to descend the exterior ladder to ground level. The firefighters suffered burn injuries to the ear, back and hand. Luckily, their full personal protective equipment offered excellent protection. There was Pellet silo fire explosion-17 submit pre-print (Orbit).docx .PDF Image | CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires
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