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Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering fires 13 5.2 German standards Much of the early knowledge and insights regarding the ability of CO2 to create electrostatic discharges is based on work carried out in Germany, in particular insights gained after the disastrous Bitburg explosion in that country. It is therefore noteworthy, that the hazard has no prominent place in German rules and guidelines. In Germany, the dangerous substances regulations are known as the Technische Regeln für Gefahrstoffe, TRGS (Technical rules for dangerous substances). The explosive atmospheres regulations are known as "Technische Regeln für Betriebssicherheit", TRBS (Technical Rules for Operating Safety). Some of them overlap. The relevant regulations are TRBS 2152, which comes in four parts [12–15]. Both the general section (part 1) [12] and the detailed technical requirements for preventing or mitigating a hazardous explosive atmosphere (part 2) [13] are silent on the electrostatic discharge hazard. It is true, that part two deals only with purging in and out of service, in German terminology referred to as "partial inerting" and "total inerting" respectively, for which static discharges in principle are of no concern. Still, a warning about electrostatic discharges might be particularly relevant, for instance, in section 2.3.4, which deals with vessels in vacuum service, for which the safety system can be so designed that detection of an operational upset with air ingress will trigger an automated inerting response. The absence of a warning is noteworthy because the standard lists other types of situations where carbon dioxide (and nitrogen) are unsuitable inerting agents, e.g., that fine dusts of certain light metals may undergo chemical reaction with these gasses. Part three [14] of TRBS 2152 does make passing reference on page 29 to another standard, TRBS 2153 [16], which deals with static electricity, but there is no specific mention that the inert gas carbon dioxide itself could be a source of static electricity. The TRBS 2153 standard on electrostatics clearly identifies the static hazard on pages 64-65 out of 128. It states that processes that may produce considerable static discharge include: "pneumatic transport of solids, a release of pressurized gas with solids, the discharge of liquid carbon dioxide, industrial vacuum cleaners and spray painting operations" [16] (emphasis added). The TRBS 2153 standard also covers the situation when an ignitable mixture of flammable gas and air is to be made safe by adding an inert gas quite extensively, which is referred to simply as "inerting", similar to the terminology of NFPA 69 and NFPA 77. The standard cautions that the discharge of a fire extinguishment agent, which could produce static discharges, should never be carried out for test purposes, when a potentially explosive atmosphere exists. The standard specifically states that CO2 and wet steam (steam with droplets of water) are unsuitable inerting agents for this purpose [16]. This is the closest reference to the lessons learned from the Bitburg disaster. In conclusion, is it probably fair to assume that safety-conscious readers with a prior concern or expectation that CO2 is able to create hazardous electrostatic Pellet silo fire explosion-17 submit pre-print (Orbit).docx .PDF Image | CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires
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