PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 016
Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering fires 14 discharges will consult the TRBS 2153 standard on static electricity [16] and see their prior expectation confirmed. Safety-conscious but unsuspecting readers, however, are likely to consult the TBRS 2152 standard on flammable atmospheres only. A meticulous examination of the four documents that comprise this standard will provide no clue as to the electrostatic hazard. It is true that information on the electrostatic hazard does exist. A German fire safety professional kindly informed that the European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA) covered the issue in a safety newsletter [17], which is also available in English [18]. This article argues however, that there is considerable evidence to suggest that the hazard is not widely appreciated. For instance an article in a German firefighter magazine [19] discusses two cases of fighting smouldering silo fires using CO2, evidently oblivious of the electrostatic hazard. 5.3 NFPA standards NFPA standards mirror German ones, confirming the electrostatic hazard of carbon dioxide to those readers who consult a standard on static electricity because they already suspect the gas to have these properties, but are otherwise mostly silent on the issue. NFPA 77 on static electricity clearly states that carbon dioxide from high-pressure cylinders or fire extinguishers should never be used to inert a container or vessel [10] (emphasis added). NFPA 69 [9] on explosion prevention systems does neither mention electrostatic effects nor refer to NFPA 77 although the standard lists the following purge gas sources as acceptable: commercially available inert gas, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, or helium, supplied from high-pressure tanks or cylinders. The standard's use of the terms purging and inerting is not entirely unambiguous. NFPA 12 [20] on carbon dioxide extinguishing systems provides potentially ambiguous advice on the electrostatic hazard. Annex A states that the discharge of liquid carbon dioxide is known to produce electrostatic charges that, under certain conditions, could create a spark and duly refers to NFPA 77. The standard also specifies, that "carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing systems protecting areas where explosive atmospheres could exist shall utilize metal nozzles, and the entire system shall be grounded" [20, Sec. 4.2.1] (emphasis added). The first issue of concern is if the reader realizes that an explosive atmospheres can exist not only when flammable liquids give off vapours but also when pyrolysis gasses have accumulated. The second issue of concern is if effective grounding is sufficient to prevent hazardous electrostatic discharges – the Bitburg accident would appear to contraindicate this. The third and perhaps most important issue of concern is the standard's advice on the application of CO2 to "deep-seated fires involving solids subject to smoldering" [20, Sec 5.2.3]. This is precisely the situation where pyrolysis gasses may have accumulated in the headspace to an extent where they are in the ignitable range – but the reader may not have realized this, and the standard does not identify the potential presence of flammable gasses. The nub of the issue may well be Pellet silo fire explosion-17 submit pre-print (Orbit).docx .PDF Image | CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires
PDF Search Title:
CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo firesOriginal File Name Searched:
132703315.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |