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Carbon dioxide not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering fires 17 6 Conclusion Policy makers and risk analysis professionals may wish that the state of knowledge is always increasing, that accident prevention knowledge is continuously improving, as if obeying a fundamental law of physics. This case shows that the opposite can occur. That important information on hazards, learned the hard way through investigation of past disastrous explosions, can pass out of sight. This appears to have happened in the fast growing wood pellet sector where difficulties with smouldering fires has led to new techniques for firefighting which employ inert gasses, of which carbon dioxide is one. With the increase in the quantities of solid biomass handled, this knowledge loss becomes significant. The smouldering fires are difficult to deal with, water is not a suitable extinguishment agent, and firefighters, who are men of action, can become frustrated if having to wait idly for supplies of nitrogen to arrive. If carbon dioxide extinguishers are available it may be tempting to "do something" to retard fire development. It is true that standards on static electricity, e.g. NFPA 77, do mention the electrostatic hazard of carbon dioxide. Safety conscious readers however, are likely to consult such standards only if they already suspect carbon dioxide to have electrostatic properties. Safety conscious but unsuspecting readers will likely consult standards on flammable atmospheres only, which are silent on the electrostatic hazard. Popular wood pellet handbooks are also silent on the hazard. NFPA 12 on carbon dioxide extinguishment systems should be more specific on the presence of pyrolysis gasses when extinguishing smouldering fires. The application of CO2 is excellent for extinguishing a fire with flames, but can be unsuitable for quenching a deep seated smouldering fire without flame. The standards, guidelines and handbooks examined provide little information on the electrostatic hazards of carbon dioxide, supporting a general conclusion that that the hazard appears to be widely under-appreciated, across countries. Important fields of application, such the practice of installing CO2 extinguishment systems in the cargo hold of marine vessels, some carrying wood pellets susceptible to smouldering fires, could not be covered in this work. More research into the subject is needed. The past decade has seen a major increase in the consumption of wood pellets. The growth has been mirrored in an increase of pellet related accidents Pellet silo fire explosion-17 submit pre-print (Orbit).docx .PDF Image | CO2 not suitable for extinguishment of smouldering silo fires
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