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P. Garg et al. / Energy Procedia 49 (2014) 1138 – 1146 1145 compared to 39 % for a TC-steam cycle employing single HTF loop. When two HTF loops are used in series, the availability losses drop to 27 %. Since availability losses in the regenerator of TC-CO2 cycle account for internal irreversibilities, decreasing it would yield better thermal efficiencies. a b75 c 60 45 30 15 0 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 500 600 Source temperature (K) 700 800 900 1000 800 850 Source temperature (K) Fig. 7. Component wise and total irreversibility for various source temperature at T1 = 300 K and p2’ = 300 bar. (a) TC-CO2; (b) TC-steam cycle with single stage HTF loop; (c) TC-steam cycle with double stage HTF loop. Legend: □ total irreversibility, ∆ regenerator, ◊ turbine, ○ condenser, x pump, * heater 900 950 1000 75 60 45 30 15 0 800 850 900 Source temperature (K) 950 1000 condenser p ump a9% 7% turbine 29% heater 3% regenerator 52% TC-CO2 cycle pump b condenser 1% 2% turbine 58% heater 39% TC-steam cycle pump c condenser 1% 3% turbine 69% heater 27% TC-steam cycle Fig. 8. Component wise and total irreversibility for various source temperature at T1 = 300 K and p2’ = 300 bar. a. TC-CO2 cycle with single stage HTF loop; b. TC-steam cycle with single stage HTF loop; c. TC-steam cycle with double stage HTF loop. 4. Conclusions The paper analyzes transcritical condensing steam and CO2 cycles for concentrated solar power generation. Although both the cycles offer more or less identical thermal efficiencies, issues like wet expansion in the turbine and vacuum in the condenser are absent in the latter case. Some of factors to be considered while selecting between TC-CO2 and TC-steam cycle for a CSP are listed below. i. In a TC-steam cycle, external heat addition takes place between 320 and 873 K whereas a TC-CO2 cycle demands roughly the same amount of heat in the temperature range from 600 to 873 K. This could add to the cost of solar field in the latter case. ii. Although, regenerator is an extra hardware in a TC-CO2 cycle, turbine and condenser are found to be the biggest components in any power cycle. In case of TC-CO2 cycle, lower volumetric flow rates at its expander exit are bound to result in compact turbine and condenser. iii. Wider range of source temperature for a TC-CO2 cycle is possible with minimal sacrifice in efficiency. iv. Multiple HTF loops are required in case of TC-steam cycle to make the choice of HTF easier and reduce exergy destruction. Irreversibility (kW) Irreversibility (kW) Irreversibility (kW)PDF Image | CO2 steam in transcritical Rankine cycles concentrated solar
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