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Chapter 4 Methods for Flight Technique Op- timization of Hybrid-Electric Aircraft The establishment of figures-of-merit to evaluate the vehicular efficiency of an aircraft is essential in conceptual design. Related to their instantaneous form, they are used for flight technique optimization to determine optimum altitude-speed technique as a function of the aircraft gross-weight, the aerodynamic efficiency and the overall propulsion system efficiency. As an integrated form along a given mission, the metrics are used to assess the overall efficiency of the vehicle to perform its transport task and to compare the vehicular efficiency of different investigated concepts. 4.1 Traditional Figure-of-Merits for Flight Technique Optim- isation Traditionally, the vehicular efficiency assessment of fuel-based aircraft is evaluated by the specific air range (SAR) as indicated in Equation 4.1 [113]. It characterizes the distance travelled per unit of fuel consumed. SAR = ๐ ยท ๐ ยท ๐ฟ/๐ท (4.1) ๐๐๐น๐ถ ยท ๐ where ๐ is the Mach number, a is the sound velocity, W is the aircraft gross-weight, L/D is the aerodynamic efficiency of the aircraft and TSFC is the thrust-specific fuel consumption which characterizes the fuel flow per amount of thrust. Optimizing an aircraft for maximum SAR results in minimizing its fuel consumption. The speed which results in flying at maximum SAR is defined as the maximum range cruise (MRC). Instead of MRC, commercial transport aircraft typically operate at long range cruise (LRC) which is defined by the speed reached under the condition of 99% of maximum SAR. Using the SAR as metric for flight technique optimization focuses only on fuel consumption. However airlines are interested in minimizing their operating costs along given routes. The cost of fuel is not the only factor contributing to the total operating cost of an aircraft. Fixed 55PDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
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