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78 5 Integrated Performance of Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems 0.2 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 70 72 74 76 78 70 72 74 76 78 Study Settings: Electricity price 0.07 USD/kWh Electricity price 0.16 USD/kWh Retrofit Hybrid Aircraft MTOW = 78990 kg Altitude = 35000 ft Fuel Price = 6.0 USD/USG MRC LRC MCRC MERC Mach Number [−] Figure 5.10: Optimum speed sensitivity versus gross-weight according to SAR, ESAR and to COSAR at an altitude of 35000 ft [115] 70000 kg, a flight profile optimized according to maximum SAR would lead to a MRC below 0.68 whereas using COSAR as objective function would result in a MCRC of 0.69 assuming a specific electricity price of 0.07 USD/kWh. The increase in MCRC with increasing electricity price is also identifiable. Assuming a specific electricity price of 0.16 USD/kWh, MCRC is above 0.7. As analysed in previously, MERC is higher than MCRC at an electricity price of 0.07 USD/kWh, whereas it coincides with MCRC for 0.16 USD/kWh. It can also be noted that LRC is in both cases higher than MCRC. The change in COSAR with respect to gross-weight according to the different specific elec- tricity price is worthwhile noticing. The analysis of Figure 5.10 shows that the sensitivity of COSAR is more pronounced for lower specific electricity price. This is again the result of the operational strategy of the electric motor during cruise. As the electric motor operates at maximum power during cruise, it is independent of the flight power demand. In other words the electric energy consumed during cruise in independent of the gross-weight variation. For a higher electricity price, the contribution of the fuel energy price is less preponderant to COSAR, thus reducing the sensitivity of COSAR versus the gross weight change. The sensitivity of the optimum economical Mach number for the retrofit hybrid-electric air- craft is assessed in Figure 5.11 according to a variation of 𝑐𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒. The cost index is evaluated according to Equation 4.25 which was derived for the case of a constant electric power utiliz- ation independent of the flight state. According to Equation 4.25, higher cost of time results in increasing CI. The trend towards higher optimum economical Mach number with increas- ing 𝑐𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 is clearly noticeable in Figure 5.11. For a 𝑐𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 of zero, Equation 4.25 becomes negative with a value of -2 kWh/min. With this condition the line of optimum MCRC co- incides exactly with the optimum Mach number defined by 𝑐𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒. As 𝑐𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 is negligible, COSAR [nm/USD] Gross Weight [t]PDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
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