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5.5 Partial Parallel Hybrid Clean-Sheet Design 87 of the geared turbofan, ππ ππΆπΊπ πΉ , are determined according to Equation 3.31 and Equation 3.30 respectively. According to the design thrust, the geometric characteristics including fan diameter, nacelle reference diameter and length are determined according to the geared turbofan model and ducted fan model described respectively in Section 5.5.1.3 and Section 5.5.1.2. 5.5.1.1 Geared Turbofan Model The conventional powerplant system is equipped with geared turbofans. The engine models implemented are described in Section 5.4.1. The engine models were produced according to the methods described in Section 3.2.3.1. 5.5.1.2 Ducted Fan Model and Electric Motor Sizing The modelling of the thrust and power-demand characteristics of the electric fan model is based on the ducted fan model published by Steiner et al. [106]. The generic characteristics of this model were the focus of Section 3.2.3.2. The sizing of the electric fan which includes the sizing of the ducted fan and of the electric motor is essential in the design of the partial parallel hybrid propulsion system. The flow path sizing of the ducted fan is performed at TOC conditions (ISA, FL350, π0.78) according to Equation 3.31 and the design thrust ππππΆπΈπΉ . The sizing of the electric motor depends on the power characteristics of the ducted fan as highlighted in Section 3.2.6.2. The critical sizing case of the electric motor which depends on the level of π»π π’π π as well as the thrust and power lapse characteristics of the electric fan were reviewed in Section 3.2.3.2. In the context of the quad-fan concept investigated, the critical sizing scenarios of the electric motor are elaborated as function of π»ππ’π π. β’ For π»ππ’π π values below 25%, the critical sizing condition of the electric motor is the shaft power requirement at TOC. By sizing the propulsion system at TOC according to Equation 3.30 and Equation 3.31, the TOFL (ISA, SL) without de-rating and the time- to-climb are below the constraint values declared in the ATLRS. This is explained by the fact that the thrust contribution of the electric fans during these segment remains low compared to the thrust delivered by the turbofans. β’ For π»π π’π π values between 25% and 50%, the time-to-climb constraint becomes the sizing criteria. The electric motor power is sized in order not to exceed the time-to-climb of 25 min. As a consequence, the electric motor is slightly oversized for TOC condition. β’ For π»ππ’π π values above 50%, the electric motor power is sized to respect the TOFL (ISA, SL) limitation of 2200 m. Above an π»ππ’π π of 50% the thrust provided by the electrical fans influences the low-speed performance. As the TOFL performance is the sizing criterion, the electric motor is oversized for time-to-climb and TOC criteria.PDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
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