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5.5 Partial Parallel Hybrid Clean-Sheet Design 89 reference aircraft in Section 5.5.2.6 is represented in the figures. The battery specific energy assumed at cell-level is 1500 Wh/kg. A sensitivity analysis with regards to the battery specific energy is provided in Figure 5.21 assuming 1000 Wh/kg at cell-level. As demonstrated in Figure 5.15, a large reduction in block fuel can be achieved by increasing π»π π’π π compared to an advanced conventional aircraft through greater utilization of the electrical energy and an increase in overall propulsion system efficiency resulting from the highly efficient electrical components. However, because of the large increase in system weight due notably to the utilization of batteries and the sizing of the electrical system, increasing π»π π’π π comes at the detriment of the vehicular efficiency as it can be observed in Figure 5.16. For design ranges below 1300 nm, block fuel reductions above 30% could be achieved for π»ππ’π π higher than 45%. 10 5 0 β5 β10 β15 β20 β25 β30 β35 β40 β45 Cargo volume/PAX = 0.14m3 2100 Design Range [nm] 10 15 20 1900 25 β¦ 30 35 Hp [%] use 40 1700 Study settings: Selected design point (β¦) e = 1.5kWh/kg battery 45 1500 50 1300 1100 GTF cruise throttling 900 55 0 10 20 30 40 50 Degree of hybridization for block energy He [%] block Figure 5.15: Relative change in block fuel versus π»πΈπππππ. Geared-turbofan cruise throttling [15]. The increase in aircraft weight from 30% to 60% indicated in Figure 5.17 translates into block ESAR reduction between -5% and -20%. Between 1300 nm and 1700 nm, the reduction in block fuel achievable is between -15% and -30% for value of π»ππ’π π larger than 45%. The degradation in block ESAR becomes, however, significant with values between -20% and -30%. For design ranges above 1900 nm, no large potential in block fuel reduction could be reached. The decrease in potential block fuel burn reduction with increasing design ranges is the result of the higher demand in electrical energy and the resulting amplified sizing cascading effects as highlighted in Section 5.4. Interestingly, for this concept the region of short design range between 900 nm to 1300 nm and moderate level of π»ππ’π π below 40% provides large potential block fuel savings of up to 25% combined with small to moderate reduction in vehicular efficiency. Relative change in block fuel [%]PDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
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