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100 5 Integrated Performance of Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Degree of hybridization for block energy He [%] block Cargo volume/PAX = 0.14m3 Study settings: e = 1.5kWh/kg battery Electric fan cruise throttling 15 30 25 20 35 Hp [%] 40 use 45 2100 50 Design Range [nm] 1900 1700 1500 900 55 1300 1100 Figure 5.25: Relative change in MTOW versus π»πΈπππππ. Electric fan cruise throttling [15]. during cruise results in lower value of π»πΈπππππ. It explains the more βcompactβ form of the carpet plots as observed in Figure 5.24 and in Figure 5.25. The block fuel reduction outcomes are benchmarked against the hybrid-electric aircraft concept presented in Section 5.5.2.6 and sized for a design range of 1300 nm and a π»ππ’π π of 30%. Utilizing the electric fans cruise throttling strategy at an π»π π’π π of 30% results in a block fuel reduction of -13% for an π»πΈ πππππ of 16%. This is to be compared against the -16% fuel burn reduction achieved at a π»πΈπππππ of 21% in the case of the geared turbofan cruise throttling operation. These values illustrate that for the same level of π»ππ’π π, a lower level of π»πΈπππππ is obtained. In order to attain the same level of π»πΈπππππ, an π»ππ’π π level of 35% would need to be reached. At this level of π»ππ’π π, around the same level of block fuel reduction would be achieved. The change in energy resulting from the different system management strategies are revealed in Figure 5.24 which illustrates the change in block ESAR against π»πΈπππππ. Throttling back the electrical fans while the geared turbofans run close to their maximum efficiency during cruise leads to a slight increase of block ESAR with π»ππ’π π as the overall propulsion system efficiency is improved through the use of the efficient electrical system. It can be noticed that block ESAR remains almost independent of π»ππ’π π for short design ranges. The decrease in block ESAR at higher design ranges with increasing level of π»ππ’π π is attributable to sizing cascade effects resulting from the higher electric energy requirement which leads to large increase in aircraft mass as illustrated in Figure 5.17. However, the difference in delta block ESAR remains small between the different strategies for a given π»πΈπππππ. Following the electric fans cruise throttling strategy, a degradation of -3% in ESAR is observed at π»π π’π π of 30% and a design range of 1300 nm compared to the -7% for the benchmarked hybrid-electric aircraft in Section 5.5.2.6. For the same level of π»πΈπππππ of 21% achieved with an π»ππ’π π of 35%, the ESAR is reduced by a similar value of around -6%. Relative change in MTOW [%]PDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
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