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104 5 Integrated Performance of Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.2 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.7 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.8 Mach Number [−] Study Settings: Design range 1300 n.mi Hp = 30% Altitude = 35000 ft Fuel Price = 6.0 USD/USG 70 72 74 76 70 78 72 74 76 78 Electricity price 0.07 USD/kWh Electricity price 0.16 USD/kWh MRC LRC MCRC MERC Figure 5.31: COSAR speed sensitivity versus gross weight variation at 1300 nm, 𝐻𝑃 𝑢𝑠𝑒 30%, FL 350, a specific fuel price of 6.00 USD/USG and for variation in specific electricity price [31] craft. The energy management strategy investigated in these plots is the throttling of the geared-turbofan during cruise, the electric fans run at their maximum thrust during cruise. Consequently, the electrical energy consumed is mainly a function of flight time. This para- meter depends directly on the flight speed. By flying faster, the cruise time is decreased for a given stage length, reducing the electrical energy required during cruise. This operating characteristic of the propulsion system leads to a MERC optimum speed higher than the MRC reflecting the fact that the condition for minimum energy occurs at higher speed than for minimum fuel consumption. The increase in MERC is however counteracted by the larger in fuel consumption occurring at higher speed. The change in optimum speed between MRC and MERC is found to be rather small. The MCRC tends to an optimum speed slower than that of the MERC optimum, but still slightly faster than that of the MRC optimum speed when the specific electricity price is 0.07 USD/kWh. This is explained by the fact that under this market price condition, the fuel energy cost has a higher contribution to the COSAR metric. The MCRC and MERC coincides for a specific electricity price is 0.16 USD/kWh as the fuel price and the electricity price are equally weighted in the COSAR metric. The change in optimum speed sensitivity using either MERC or MCRC speeds remain small compared to the reference aircraft. COSAR [nm/USD] Gross Weight [t]PDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
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