PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 128
106 6 Conclusion and Outlook sizing axioms. Starting with the retrofit of a narrow-body aircraft, the topological approach consisted of installing an electric motor powered by batteries on the shaft of the gas-turbine to support its operation during cruise and climb. By installing an electric propulsion sys- tem in parallel to the conventional gas-turbine, the role of new design parameters such as the degree-of-hybridization for power (𝐻𝑃 ) and the introduction of new constraint in the sizing process of hybrid-electric aircraft due to the characteristics of the battery as energy and power device in the sizing of hybrid-electric transport aircraft were highlighted. Due to the intrinsic nature of a retrofit, the installation of the additional electrical system was constrained by the certified maximum take-off weight (MTOW) of the aircraft. Aiming to achieve minimum fuel at maximum utilization stage length of the aircraft, the hybrid-electric system was sized for a 900 nautical miles (nm) mission. The sizing of the propulsion system was found to be an interplay between maximum power of the electric motor installed, which mainly determined the mass of the associated electrical system, total battery mass and the potential block fuel reduction under the constraint of the MTOW and the state-of-charge of the battery. By supporting the gas-turbine utilizing the electric motor during cruise, a block fuel reduction of -13% could be achieved compared to the reference conventional aircraft when assuming a gravimetric specific energy of 1500 Wh/kg at cell-level. When utilizing the electric motor during climb and cruise, block fuel reduction was increased to -16%. In view of taking the overall aircraft sizing effects into consideration and to determine the market range application of hybrid-electric transport aircraft, clean-sheet designs of narrow-body aircraft were investigated. In this regards, the design of a hybrid-electric narrow-body aircraft was investigated by in- stalling an electric motor in parallel to the shaft of one gas-turbine of the twin-engine aircraft. Running an electric motor in parallel to a gas-turbine impacts the operational characteristics of the gas-turbine. Forced to operate into part-load, it leads notably to a reduction of its efficiency. In order not to impact the design axiom of the gas-turbine and perturb its oper- ation, the operational strategy selected in this investigation was to drive the ducted-fan by the electric motor itself during cruise while the gas-turbine is shut down. The other segments of the mission were performed conventionally using the two gas-turbines. As a result, the degree-of-hybridization for useful power (𝐻𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑒) was fixed to 50% during cruise. In order to analyze the best suited design range for the application of this concept, the aircraft was sized for interval design ranges between 900 nm to 2100 nm. Moreover the influence of bat- tery technology on the aircraft sizing and performance was assessed by varying the battery specific energy between 750 Wh/kg and 1500 Wh/kg. Comparing the performance of the hybrid-electric aircraft, to a suitably projected reference aircraft for year entry-into-service 2035, it was found that the greatest block fuel reduction potential was achieved for design ranges reflecting the regional market segment. Assuming a battery specific energy at cell- level of 1500 Wh/kg, 1000 Wh/kg and 750 Wh/kg, block fuel reduction of -20%, -12% and -2% could be achieved respectively at 1100 nm. Besides the potential benefit in terms of emissions reduction, the total energy consumption was examined based on energy specific air range (ESAR), the vehicular efficiency metric. The results shown that the vehicular efficiency of the hybrid-electric aircraft was for most design ranges investigated degraded compared to the advanced reference aircraft. This trend was to be explained by the significant change inPDF Image | Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport Aircraft
PDF Search Title:
Conceptual Design Methods Hybrid-Electric Transport AircraftOriginal File Name Searched:
1399547.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)