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e12-2 Jeroen van der Molen et al. Figure 1. Dual hydrocarbon–geothermal energy exploitation. being generated by natural gas and 96% of all Dutch households using natural gas as a heating source (Van der Sar, 2014). Sustainable energy sources like geothermal energy can partially replace natural gas as an energy source for heating demand. In a typical low-enthalpy geothermal system (<150°C; Franco & Vaccaro, 2013) hot water is produced from an aquifer, after which the energy is extracted through a heat exchanger. The cooled water is subsequently reinjected in the same aquifer via a second well (Pluymaekers et al., 2012), thereby forming a geothermal doublet. Over recent decades, numerous studies have investigated the potential for geothermal energy development in the Netherlands (RGD, 1983; Rijkers & Van Doorn, 1997; TNO-NITG, 2004; Kramers et al., 2012). Recent assessments claim that geothermal production may contribute up to 50 petajoules (PJ) of geothermal heat in 2030 and more than 200 PJ in 2050 (DAGO et al., 2018). This would imply that nearly 25% of the expected total heat demand in the Netherlands (870 PJ) would originate from geother- mal energy. Since the development of the first geothermal doublet in the Netherlands in 2008, 19 more systems have been realised. As of January 2018 these systems provide 3 PJ of geothermal energy, which is mostly used to heat greenhouses (MEA, 2018). The growth sought by the geothermal sector in the Netherlands is hampered by high investment costs and the long duration and/or risk of return of such investment (Van der Donk, 2008; Veldkamp et al., 2018). The Dutch Mining Act allows exploration and production licences for hydrocarbons to coexist and overlap with those for geothermal purposes. Additionally, the conventional target reservoirs for hydrocarbons are often identical to those considered for geothermal resources, i.e. sandstone formations of Lower Cretaceous, Upper-Jurassic, Triassic and Permian age. Co-production of dissolved gas and, in rare cases, oil is observed at most of the geothermal systems in the Netherlands (MEA, 2018). The potential interference between geothermal and oil/gas exploration- and produc- tion activities within these licences poses a challenge to operators of both types of assets, policy makers and health, safety and environ- ment supervisors. However, this coexistence can also present synergetic opportunities for both activities. Van Wees et al. (2014) pro- pose a dual play concept for exploration of natural gas and geothermal prospects, aiming for an improvement of the risked-value-to-invest- ment ratio and the expected monetary value of a project. This concept assumes that an exploration well failing to prove the presence of hydro- carbons (dry well) may technically be successful in tapping a hot- water-bearing reservoir. If conversion and completion for geothermal exploitation is anticipated during well design and project planning, the abandonment costs are deferred to a later stage and the investments pay out a geothermal production or injection well. The dual play con- cept is currently pursued in various locations in the Netherlands (Savelkous, 2018). A second type of synergy between hydrocarbon and geothermal exploitation may be achieved by converting former hydrocarbon production wells into geothermal wells. This can either be done by reusing a single well and converting it into a Deep Borehole Heat Exchanger (Van Wees et al., 2007; Davis & Michaelides, 2009), or by reusing multiple wells and converting them into a (doublet) system of geothermal producers and injectors (RGD, 1987; Daarnhouwer 2013; Godderij et al., 2018). This concept is being investigated for the depleted Middenmeer gas field where two out of three gas production wells are considered for conversion into geothermal wells (Savelkous, 2016). A third synergy concept for hydrocarbon and geothermal pro- duction is proposed by Aramburo Velez (2017) and Ziabakhsh- Ganji (2018). In this case a geothermal well produces hot water, part of which is utilised in the normal way for residential or green- house heating. The other part is sent through a heater and injected into an oil-bearing reservoir where the injected hot water lowers the viscosity of the heavy oil, ultimately increasing the recovery factor (EOR). This paper presents a fourth concept of synergy, in which a geothermal doublet consisting of one producer and one injector is placed in the water leg of a gas field close to a producing gas well (Figure 1). With the appropriate configuration of producers and injectors, the production of water from the water leg through the geothermal production well slows down water encroachment Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 173.229.12.141, on 13 Jan 2021 at 23:29:16, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2019.11PDF Image | Dual hydrocarbon–geothermal energy exploitation
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