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NASA itself is actively researching four concepts at widely varying power scales. The best-developed of these is the Scalable Convergent Electric Propulsion Technology and Operations Research (SCEPTOR) project, which launched in 2014. This project is focusing on rapidly achieving ground and flight test demonstrations of higher power levels and distributed propulsion in a phased approach. SCEPTOR is closely related to a NASA propulsive concept known as LEAPtech (Leading Edge Asynchronous Pro- pellers Technology), which introduces numerous small propellers across the leading edge of the wing [83]. The goal of LEAPtech is to reduce drag by increasing cruise wing loading of general aviation airplanes by 2.5 times. This is achieved by greatly increasing CLmax through blown lift, avoiding the need for complex and heavy multi- element flap systems. Figure 5: X-57 Maxwell demonstrator (NASA image) SCEPTOR Mod 1 was a truck-mounted LEAPtech wing model tested at NASA Armstrong in 2015. This experiment was not successful in producing a dataset useful for quantitative comparison or validation of powered-lift distributed propulsion CFD results [84, 85]. An unexplained thrust and power consumption asymmetry at equal commanded RPM merits further investigation and highlights potential controls issues that will need to be addressed in flight demonstrators. The manned flight test vehicle currently under development, known as the X-57 Maxwell, is a converted Tecnam P2006T airframe (Figure 5). SCEPTOR Mod 2 in- volves replacing the Tecnam’s combustion engines with electric motors, powered by lithium-ion battery packs stored in the fuselage [52, 86]. Mod 3 replaces the stock wing with a deliberately-undersized carbon fiber wing, with tip-mounted propulsive motors and dummy distributed-lift motor fairings. Mod 3 will have high wing loading (by design) and uncontrollable one-engine-inoperative yawing moments due to the lo- cation of the wingtip propulsors; safety considerations of this evolution are discussed by Papathakis et al. [53] and will restrict operations to a dry lakebed. Mod 4 adds the distributed propulsion motors in a configuration similar to the Mod 1 experiment. Mod 2 is scheduled to fly in 2018 following tests of a redesigned battery module [87]. The largest electric transport aircraft design ever seriously studied is the N3-X tur- 16PDF Image | Electric, hybrid, and turboelectric fixed-wing aircraft
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