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Electric, hybrid, and turboelectric fixed-wing aircraft

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Electric, hybrid, and turboelectric fixed-wing aircraft ( electric-hybrid-and-turboelectric-fixed-wing-aircraft )

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Flight-tested designs X-57 Bauhaus Luftfahrt Studies Boeing/Airbus Studies 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 EIS Year 2040 2045 2050 Figure 7: Historic and projected eb (data from Table 3 and 4) Ampaire is an early-stage startup promoting the “Tailwind” concept, featuring an aft boundary layer ingesting propulsor similar to the STARC-ABL in an all-electric and series hybrid configuration [71]. Ampaire is likely to begin with an all-electric retrofit of an existing small passenger or cargo airplane with a range of about 100 miles [101]. XTI Aircraft has taken more than 60 orders for the Tri-Fan series hybrid VTOL aircraft. The design features three ducted electric fans, two of which rotate 90 degrees to transition from vertical to horizontal flight [70]. Several academic authors have conducted one-off studies on general aviation and commuter aircraft [102, 103, 104, 105]. Others focused on small UAS, such as the early work at the Air Force Institute of Technology by Harmon et al. [106, 107, 19] and one study of a UAS propulsion subsystem by Merical et al. [108]. In general, these studies do not rely on technology as advanced as the large commercial transport studies. 4 Airplane-Level Effects of Electrification Even assuming substantial improvements in eb and pm, electrification is likely to add substantial amounts of weight compared to conventional aircraft. Until weight parity with jet fuel and turbomachinery is reached, EP will need to “buy” its way onto each configuration based on the sum of airplane-level benefits and disadvantages. This section reviews some of the claimed benefits enabled by electrification and contrasts them with the known risks. 19 Battery specific energy (Whr / kg)

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