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in this way. The original N3-X concept required an extensive redesign to meet noise goals, but it ultimately achieved a margin of 64 EPNdB compared to current Stage 4 community noise requirements [91]. Huff et al. [126] used empirical and low-fidelity methods and predicted that a 1 MW electric motor’s contribution to external sound levels will be small compared to the noise of a low pressure ratio fan. Bryson et al. [127] describe the trade space between noise and range for a small, quiet UAV. For military applications, reducing heat and noise emissions is desirable to avoid detection and improve survivability. Donateo et al. [128] describe a UAS with an electric-only mode to avoid generating a thermal signature. 5 Electrical System Architecture In the past, electrical systems were a small portion of overall airplane weight, and engineers could afford to use rough empirical weight estimating relationships for con- ceptual design without making architectural decisions. Where an appreciable amount of electric thrust is produced, this is no longer the case. Electrical architecture choices will be strongly coupled with performance, weight, and flight safety. The key elements of an electric propulsion system include the following: Energy storage: a battery (or alternative technology such as ultracapacitor or fuel cell) designed for high eb, pb, (dis)charge rate, and safety. Generator: converts mechanical shaft power into alternating current (AC) electrical power Rectifier: converts AC power to direct current (DC) electrical power Motor: converts AC or DC current to mechanical shaft power Inverter: converts DC electrical power to AC power. Can be used as a variable- frequency drive for AC motors. Bus: an electrical conductor that transfers electrical power from source to destination Motor controller: closely related to inverters, motor controllers use DC power to generate time-varying currents in the armature coils of brushless DC and switched- reluctance machines. Motor controllers respond to position or speed feedback from the motor and do not necessarily generate sinusoidal currents. Fault current limiter: prevents large currents during short-circuit events (essen- tially a circuit breaker). For DC superconducting applications, superconduct- ing fault current limiters (SFCLs) are used, which operate on different physical principles. 25PDF Image | Electric, hybrid, and turboelectric fixed-wing aircraft
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