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5.1 Electrical Machines and Power Conversion Motors and generators (electrical machines) operate using the same general principles, and there are several types which may have advantages and disadvantages for flight applications. Electrical machines use the interaction between the magnetic fields of a rotating component (rotor) and stationary component (stator) to generate a me- chanical torque. The main magnetic field in an electric machine may be constant or time-varying and can be generated using permanent magnets, soft magnetic materials (reluctance), passive field coils (“squirrel cage”), or active field coils (wound-rotor and doubly-fed machines). Typically, the main field is generated in the rotor [129]. When operated as a motor, windings in the stator generate a time-varying magnetic field and consume the large majority of the electrical power of the machine. Stator currents can be driven by a sinusoidal source (AC machines) or by arbitrary, actively- controlled waveforms (DC machines). AC machines typically operate in three phases, whereas DC machines may employ an arbitrary number of independently-controlled coils. In generator mode, the rotating main field induces a current in the stator coils. Electrical machines can be further divided into synchronous and asynchronous ma- chines. Synchronous machines generate power or torque when the magnetic field of the rotor is rotating at the same speed as the magnetic field of the stator. In asynchronous machines (such as squirrel cage induction machines), the rotor rotates at a slower speed than the stator field (slip). Some synchronous machines cannot start from rest because of the rotor’s inertia, whereas all induction machines are self-starting. Variable-speed drives for AC motors solve the starting issue [129]. Table 5 summarizes proposed electric machines and their distinguishing features. Jansen et al. [27] summarize the state of the art of electric machines for flight applica- tions, including efficiencies and specific power ratings. NASA expects machines in the 1MW power class to achieve 13–16kW/kg pm/g and 96–99% ηm/g. The NAE report envisions non-cryogenic generators with pg up to 9 kW/kg by the N+3 time frame [10]. 26PDF Image | Electric, hybrid, and turboelectric fixed-wing aircraft
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