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Electric, hybrid, and turboelectric fixed-wing aircraft

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Electric, hybrid, and turboelectric fixed-wing aircraft ( electric-hybrid-and-turboelectric-fixed-wing-aircraft )

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analysis also found that aft body aerodynamic drag was very sensitive to propulsive design variables (such as fan pressure ratio). Optimizing the configuration as a mul- tidisciplinary coupled system led to a significantly different (better) optimum design point than an uncoupled analysis. While such multidisciplinary coupling will manifest in ways specific to each configuration, this case study illustrates the benefit of using high-fidelity, coupled modeling for analysis and optimization in order to maximize the benefit afforded by electric propulsion. Bauhaus Luftfahrt developed simple low-fidelity methods and conducted broad tradespace exploration studies; unlike all other studies, cash operating cost was con- sidered as an optimization variable [25]. The electric VTOL literature on modeling and simulation may also apply to fixed wing applications in some cases. The Boeing team of Duffy et al. developed an MDAO framework for sizing and tradespace exploration of small eVTOL aircraft. The paper includes a simple methodology for operating cost modeling for electric aircraft, including some low-fidelity estimation of cost savings due to increased reliability [161]. A similar approach was used by Brown and Harris [162]. The Airbus Vahana team posted an open-source conceptual design tool with MDO capability on the web, but has not published on the work in a scholarly forum [163]. A summary of modeling and simulation capabilities, by discipline and project, is shown in Table 6. The cells are color coded to indicate the authors’ assessment of the relative level of fidelity, where red represents the lowest fidelity, and green repre- sents the highest achieved fidelity. It is worth remembering that advanced modeling and simulation capability probably exists in trade secret form within industry, so the published literature may present an incomplete view of the state of the art in electric aircraft modeling. 34

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