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operating cost models for electric aircraft. To understand the economic case for air- craft EP, we must also quantify the effect of electrification on acquisition, operational reliability, and maintenance. Compared to conventional aircraft design, the electric aircraft design problem is likely to be more strongly coupled between disciplines. To date, study authors have tended to explore configurations that introduce interdisciplinary coupling. For exam- ple, the high-fidelity aeropropulsive optimization of Gray et al. [160] demonstrated the coupling between aerodynamics and propulsion for the STARC-ABL. The ECO-150R study [67] illustrated coupling between electrical, propulsion, thermal management, and aerodynamics disciplines. Novel thermal constraints are also time- and path- dependent, requiring trajectory analysis and potentially trajectory optimization tightly coupled with the rest of the aircraft design optimization problem [141]. As the number of closely-coupled disciplines grows, the complexity of the analysis environment also grows. To address these challenging problems, a fully-coupled, high-fidelity MDAO tool for electric aircraft design should be developed. In addition, design under uncertainty techniques should be supported to account for uncertain future technology levels. No industry, government, or academic team has publicly acknowledged the development of such a tool at the time of this publication. The full MDAO problem, including economic and safety analysis, remains a formidable open challenge. Funding Sources This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Grad- uate Research Fellowship Program under Grant DGE 1256260. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the au- thor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Dr. Marty Bradley for his comments and suggestions for the paper. Conflict of Interest Statement The first author is on an educational leave of absence from The Boeing Company. The second author has no conflict of interest to declare. 9 Bibliography References [1] M. D. Guynn, J. J. Berton, M. J. Tong, W. J. Haller, Advanced Single- Aisle Transport Propulsion Design Options Revisited, in: 13th AIAA Aviation 37PDF Image | Electric, hybrid, and turboelectric fixed-wing aircraft
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