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Figure 2. The distribution of waste heat as a function of temperature.a Figure 3. Examples of a GE Oil and Gas–Gas Turbine, and a GE Jenbacher reciprocating engine. The best use of waste heat streams is when a manufacturing plant requires a source of relatively low-temperature process heat. However, most plants have already integrated this form of waste heat utilization when low-temperature process heat is required. Therefore, the next most useful and flexible outcome is to convert the waste heat into electricity. There are several technologies available for converting waste heat to electricity at these low temperatures, as shown in Table 1. Steam Rankine cycles are by far the most common form of waste heat recovery, as massive units are installed in combined cycle power plants to capture the waste heat from large frame gas turbines. But in these plants, the gas turbine exhaust temperature exceeds 600°C. At temperatures below 500°C, and especially in sizes much less than 100 MW, steam Rankine cycles become uneconomical. Technologies such as thermoelectrics and thermo-tunneling devices promise the elegance of the direct conversion of heat to electricity through a solid-state material. But these technologies currently have low-conversion efficiencies and are presently too expensive for serious waste heat recovery. The most viable technology for converting waste heat to electricity in the next decade is the ORC. a Rattner, A.S., and Garimella, S., Energy harvesting, reuse and upgrade to reduce primary energy usage in the USA, Energy 36 (10), 2011. 3PDF Image | Final Report Modifications and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle to Improve the Recovery of Waste Heat
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