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design prevents excessive degradation of the working fluid and eliminates the risk of fire by auto-ignition of the working fluid. Nevertheless, a direct exchange of heat, with no intermediate loop, can be implemented if adequate precautions are taken to avoid fires and working fluid degradation due to overheating. GE GRC in Munich, Germany has developed a concept that enables the direct heating of a working fluid without increased risk of degradation or fire. 1.3 Technical Description The ORC is a vapor power cycle that operates using the same principles as the steam Rankine cycle, except that a fluid with a lower boiling point (and higher molecular mass) is used. An organic working fluid is evaporated, instead of boiling water to create steam that runs through a turbine to generate electricity. Since the cycle operates at much lower temperatures than a steam Rankine cycle, the ORC can utilize the energy from low temperature waste heat sources to produce electricity. ORCs are a viable option to recover the exhaust waste heat using the ambient air as a heat sink. The Rankine cycle is comprised of four main components: evaporator or boiler, turbine or expander, condenser, and pump. Depending on the working fluid, a recuperator may be advantageous, depending on the residual enthalpy of the fluid as it exits the expander. Typically, the heat of the exhaust stream is transferred indirectly to the ORC by means of an intermediate thermal oil loop. The Direct Evaporator eliminates the need for an oil loop by transferring heat to the working fluid with just one heat exchanger unit placed directly in the exhaust gas stream. Figure 4 compares the indirect versus direct evaporation arrangement. Figure 5 shows a layout of the Direct Evaporator ORC system mated to a PGT25 gas turbine engine. (a) (b) Figure 4. ORC with (a) indirect evaporation versus (b) direct evaporation. 5PDF Image | Final Report Modifications and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle to Improve the Recovery of Waste Heat
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