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Cyclopentane should be a relatively stable compound to use as a working fluid in a direct evaporator as long as bulk fluid temperatures are kept below 300°C and air is excluded from the system. These experiments were performed in a laboratory setting using a glass-lined reactor and high-purity cyclopentane. The data help determine an upper limit for the ORC working fluid temperature under idealized conditions. Impurities, the presence of oxygen, and materials of construction can affect the fluid decomposition rates. Longer duration testing using industrial grade cyclopentane in a prototypic ORC loop is required to obtain a realistic estimate of the working fluid degradation in an operational environment. 2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis The performance of a particular working fluid, even once the source and sink temperatures for the ORC have been specified, is not uniquely determined. A principal variable strongly affecting performance is the pressure at which the working fluid boils. For each fluid, given a particular initial heat source flow and temperature, the electrical output of the ORC will be maximized for a particular pressure level. Here, a single source and sink temperature are specified. To perform a comparison of fluids, the following five criteria were imposed on the computer simulations of ORC systems: 1. Fixed initial heat source temperature 2. Fixed log-mean temperature difference (LMTD), rather than fixed minimum temperature difference (the distinction is explained below), in evaporators and condensers 3. Fixed expander technology and expander adiabatic efficiency 4. Fixed pump efficiency 5. Use of an additional fixed-LMTD heat exchanger (recuperator), if its inclusion would be beneficial in the particular case, to transfer heat from the fluid vapor as it is discharged from the expander to the fluid in the liquid phase as it returns from the pump. By using the criterion of a fixed LMTD, rather than a fixed minimum temperature difference between the two flows in each heat exchanger, one possible source of variability between fluids is eliminated. Under given conditions of flow rate and flow inlet temperatures, the effectiveness of a heat exchanger is limited by the requirement that the temperature of the heated fluid may at no point exceed that of the cooled TEG. For this reason, strategies that guarantee more nearly parallel temperature profiles for the warmed and cooled fluid within the exchanger can permit a lower overall LMTD than would be possible if the temperature profiles of either flow were strongly “kinked,” as when, at certain low pressures, the process of boiling at constant temperature absorbs roughly the same amount of heat as it took to steadily increase the temperature of the liquid phase from ambient level to the point of boiling. A lower overall LMTD implies lower irreversibility in the transfer of heat, and consequently a more efficient cycle. If the point of minimum approach (in a boiler, this generally occurs at the onset of boiling in the liquid) is the limiting factor in the design of the heat exchanger, strategies such as supercritical heating, or mixing two working fluids together to produce a binary fluid that boils at progressively increasing temperature, can alleviate the limitation and increase the cycle efficiency. But, if source temperatures are sufficiently high, and sink temperatures sufficiently low in relation to the cycle fluid temperature (conditions which hold for our own application), the point of minimum temperature approach will not limit the cycle performance, regardless of the strategy used (i.e., supercritical boiling, binary fluid mixtures). In this case, it is only the heat exchanger’s size that controls its effect on the cycle performance, and the implied size changes roughly in proportion to the LMTD of the exchanger. To compare the different fluids on the basis of similar equipment size and cost, LMTD is constrained to be constant across all fluid simulations in order to eliminate it as a source of performance variation. Therefore, the difference in temperature between the two fluids at the point of closest temperature approach varies slightly between different fluid 13PDF Image | Final Report Modifications and Optimization of the Organic Rankine Cycle to Improve the Recovery of Waste Heat
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